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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Fundamentals of Boundary-Layer Meteorology (2023)
    Cham :Springer International Publishing :
    Details
    Keywords: Atmospheric science. ; Atmospheric Science.
    Description / Table of Contents: Introduction to micrometeorology -- Fundamental equations -- Governing equations for mean quantities -- Forces in balance and structures of the lower atmosphere -- Generation and maintenance of atmospheric turbulence -- Tracer transport in the canopy and in the surface layer -- Principles of eddy covariance -- Radiation balance and energy balance -- Density effects -- Budgets of trace gases in the atmospheric boundary layer.
    Abstract: This book is filled with didactic elements such as exercises, charts and case study examples. It introduces a set of fundamental equations that govern the conservation of mass (dry air, water vapor, trace gases), momentum and energy in the lower atmosphere. It offers students an up-to-date literature overview and introduces theory to a field that is mostly empirical in nature. Dedicated to undergraduate or graduate students in atmospheric sciences and meteorology, this textbook compels students about the importance of the subject and its application. Simplifications of each of the equations are made in the context of boundary-layer processes. Extended from these equations the author then discusses a set of issues fundamental to boundary layer meteorology, including (1) turbulence generation and destruction, (2) force balance in various portions of the lower atmosphere, (3) canopy flow, (4) tracer diffusion and footprint theory, (5) principles of flux measurement and interpretation, (6) models for land evaporation, (7) models for surface temperature response to land use change, and (8) boundary layer budget calculations for heat, water vapor and carbon dioxide. This second edition is enhanced with new materials on the marine boundary layer and on three contemporary topics: the urban boundary layer, the polluted boundary layer and the cloudy boundary layer in a changing climate. Problem sets are supplied at the end of each chapter to reinforce the concepts and theory presented in the main text. This volume offers the accumulation of insights gained by the author during his academic career as a researcher and teacher in the field of boundary-layer meteorology.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: XII, 370 p. 220 illus., 16 illus. in color. , online resource.
    Edition: 2nd ed. 2023.
    ISBN: 9783031326684
    Series Statement: Springer Atmospheric Sciences,
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-32668-4
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-32668-4
    DDC: 551.5
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Handbook of micrometeorology : a guide for surface flux measurement and analysis (2004)
    Dordrecht [u.a.] : Kluwer
    Associated volumes
    Details Availability
    Call number: AWI A3-06-0052
    In: Atmospheric and oceanographic sciences library
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XIV, 250 S.
    ISBN: 1402022646
    Series Statement: Atmospheric and oceanographic sciences library 29
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 3
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    BaRAD: Bias-Adjusted RADiation Dataset (2021)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-20
    Description: The diffuse component of solar radiation is an important, but understudied, component of the Earth's surface radiation budget. Most global climate models do not archive data on this component and observations of diffuse radiation are rare. Here, we archive a global 40-year (1980 - 2019) monthly radiation database called BaRAD (Bias-adjusted RADiation dataset) that includes the total shortwave radiation and its partitioning into its diffuse and direct beam components. The dataset is based on a random forest algorithm trained using the Global Energy Balance Archive (GEBA) monthly observation network and implemented on the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) dataset at the native MERRA-2 resolution (0.5 degree by 0.625 degree). The dataset picks up the seasonal, latitudinal, and long-term trends in the MERRA-2 data, but with reduced biases than MERRA-2. The dataset can reduce uncertainties in modelling surface energy and carbon budgets and help optimize the placement of concentrating solar power systems.
    Keywords: Binary Object; Binary Object (File Size); DATE/TIME; diffuse radiation; machine learning; radiation
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 40 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid and transient response of soil respiration to rain (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 10 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: The influence of rainstorm on soil respiration of a mixed forest in southern New England, USA was investigated with eddy covariance, rain simulation and laboratory incubation. Soil respiration is shown to respond rapidly and instantaneously to the onset of rain and return to the prerain rate shortly after the rain stops. The pulse-like flux, most likely caused by the decomposition of active carbon compounds in the litter layer, can amount to a loss of 0.18 t C ha−1 to the atmosphere in a single intensive storm, or 5–10% of the annual net ecosystem production of midlatitude forests. If precipitation becomes more variable in a future warmer world, the rain pulse should play an important part in the transient response of the ecosystem carbon balance to climate, particularly for ecosystems on ridge-tops with rapid water drainage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00787.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atmospheric turbulence within and above a Douglas-fir stand. Part I: Statistical properties of the velocity field (1993)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 64 (1993), S. 149-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This is the first of two papers reporting the results of a study of the turbulence regimes and exchange processes within and above an extensive Douglas-fir stand. The experiment was conducted on Vancouver Island during a two-week rainless period in July and August 1990. The experimental site was located on a 5o slope. The stand, which was planted in 1962, and thinned and pruned uniformly in 1988, had a (projected) leaf area index of 5.4 and a heighth=16.7 m. Two eddy correlation units were operated in the daytime to measure the fluctuations in the three velocity components, air temperature and water vapour density, with one mounted permanently at a height of 23.0m (z/h=1.38) and the other at various heights in the stand with two to three 8-hour periods of measurement at each level. Humidity and radiation regimes both above and beneath the overstory and profiles of wind speed and air temperature were also measured. The most important findings are: (1) A marked secondary maximum in the wind speed profile occurred in the middle of the trunk space (aroundz/h=0.12). The turbulence intensities for the longitudinal and lateral velocity components increased with decreasing height, but the intensity for the vertical velocity component had a maximum atz/h=0.60 (middle of the canopy layer). Magnitudes of the higher order moments (skewness and kurtosis) for the three velocity components were higher in the canopy layer than in the trunk space and above the stand. (2) There was a 20% reduction in Reynolds stress fromz/h=1.00 to 1.38. Negative Reynolds stress or upward momentum flux perisistently occurred atz/h=0.12 and 0.42 (base of the canopy), and was correlated with negative wind speed gradients at the two heights. The longitudinal pressure gradient due to the land-sea/upslope-downslope circulations was believed to be the main factor responsible for the negative Reynolds stress. (3) Momentum transfer was highly intermittent. Sweep and ejection events dominated the transfer atz/h=0.60, 1.00 and 1.38, with sweeps playing the more important role of the two atz/h=0.60 and 1.00 and the less important role atz/h=1.38. But interaction events were of greater magnitude than sweep and ejection events atz/h=0.12 and 0.42.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705666
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of flux measurements with open- and closed-path gas analyzers above an agricultural field and a forest floor (1994)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 67 (1994), S. 195-202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Comparison was made of the flux measurements of a closed-path CO2/H2O analyzer and an open-path H2O analyzer above a clover field and the forest floor of a Douglas-fir stand. The attenuation of the gas concentration fluctuations caused by the sampling tube of the closed-path analyzer resulted in underestimation of the H20 flux above both surfaces. The degree of underestimation above the clover field depended on wind speed, but was smaller than that calculated from the transfer function for laminar flow in a circular tube and the scalar cospectrum in the neutral and unstable surface layer. Above the forest floor CO2 fluctuations led those of H2O by ∼0.7s. The implications of this are discussed regarding the determination of the time delay caused by the sampling tube of the closedpath analyzer. The day-time CO2 efflux from the forest floor, averaged over three days, was 0.043 mg/(m2s).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705514
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atmospheric turbulence within and above a douglas-fir stand. Part II: Eddy fluxes of sensible heat and water vapour (1993)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 64 (1993), S. 369-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This is the second paper describing a study of the turbulence regimes and exchange processes within and above an extensive Douglas-fir stand. The experiment was conducted on Vancouver Island during a two-week rainless period in July and August 1990. Two eddy correlation units were operated in the daytime to measure the fluxes of sensible heat and water vapour and other turbulence statistics at various heights within and above the stand. Net radiation was measured above the overstory using a stationary net radiometer and beneath the overstory using a tram system. Supplementary measurements included soil heat flux, humidity above and beneath the overstory, profiles of wind speed and air temperature, and the spatial variation of sensible heat flux near the forest floor. The sum of sensible and latent heat fluxes above the stand accounted for, on average, 83% of the available energy flux. On some days, energy budget closure was far better than on others. The average value of the Bowen ratio was 2.1 above the stand and 1.4 beneath the overstory. The mid-morning value of the canopy resistance was 150–450 s/m during the experiment and mid-day value of the Omega factor was about 0.20. The daytime mean canopy resistance showed a strong dependence on the mean saturation deficit during the two-week experimental period. The sum of sensible and latent heat fluxes beneath the overstory accounted for 74% of the available energy flux beneath the overstory. One of the reasons for this energy imbalance was that the small number of soil heat flux plates and the short pathway of the radiometer tram system was unable to account for the large horizontal heterogeneity in the available energy flux beneath the overstory. On the other hand, good agreement was obtained among the measurements of sensible heat flux made near the forest floor at four positions 15 m apart. There was a constant flux layer in the trunk space, a large flux divergence in the canopy layer, and a constant flux layer above the stand. Counter-gradient flux of sensible heat constantly occurred at the base of the canopy. The transfer of sensible heat and water vapour was dominated by intermittent cool downdraft and warm updraft events and dry downdraft and moist updraft events, respectively, at all levels. For sensible heat flux, the ratio of the contribution of cool downdrafts to that of warm updrafts was greater than one in the canopy layer and less than one above the stand and near the forest floor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00711706
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coherent eddies and temperature structure functions for three contrasting surfaces. Part II: Renewal model for sensible heat flux (1997)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 84 (1997), S. 125-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Canopies ; Temperature ramps ; Renewal models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Sensible heat, latent heat, and other scalar fluxes cannot be measuredwithin short dense canopies, e.g., straw mulches, with standard approachessuch as eddy correlation, Bowen ratio-energy balance, aerodynamic, andvariance methods. However, recently developed surface renewal models, thatare based on the fact that most of the turbulent transfer within and abovecanopies is associated with large-scale coherent eddies, which are evidentas ramp patterns in scalar time series, offer a feasible solution. Wepresent a new air renewal model that calculates sensible heat flux atdifferent heights within and above a canopy from the average cubictemperature structure function, sampled at a moderate rate, and measuredaverage friction velocity. The model is calibrated and tested with datameasured above and within a Douglas-fir forest and above a straw mulch andbare soil. We show that the model describes half-hour variations ofsensible heat flux very well, both within the canopy and roughnesssublayers and in the inertial sublayer, for stable and unstable atmosphericconditions. The combined empirical coefficient that appears in the modelhas an apparently universal value of about 0.4 for all surfaces andheights, which makes application of the model particularly simple. Themodel is used to predict daytime and nighttime sensible heat flux profileswithin the straw mulch and within a small bare opening in the mulch.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000342918158
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coherent eddies and temperature structure functions for three contrasting surfaces. Part I: Ramp model with finite microfront time (1997)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 84 (1997), S. 99-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Canopies ; Temperature ramps ; Structure functions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Air temperature time series within and above canopies reveal ramp patternsassociated with coherent eddies that are responsible for most of thevertical transport of sensible heat. Van Atta used a simple step-changeramp model to analyse the coherent part of air temperature structurefunctions. However, his ocean data, and our own measurements for aDouglas-fir forest, straw mulch, and bare soil, reveal that even withoutlinearization his model cannot account for the observed decrease of thecubic structure function for small time lag. We found that a ramp model inwhich the rapid change at the end of the ramp occurs in a finite microfronttime can describe this decrease very well, and predict at least relativemagnitudes of microfront times between different surfaces. Averagerecurrence time for ramps, determined by analysis of the cubic structurefunction with the new ramp model, agreed well with values determined usingthe Mexican Hat wavelet transform, except at lower levels within theforest. Ramp frequency above the forest and mulch scaled very well withwind speed at the canopy top divided by canopy height. Within the forest,ramp frequency did not vary systematically with height. This is inaccordance with the idea that large-scale canopy turbulence is mostlygenerated by instability of the mean canopy wind profile, similar to aplane mixing layer. The straw mulch and bare soil experiments uniquelyextend measurements of temperature structure functions and ramp frequencyto the smallest scales possible in the field.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000338817250
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  • 10
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    An Experimental Investigation of Kinetic Fractionation of Open-Water Evaporation Over a Large Lake (2017)
    AGU Publications
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, AGU Publications, 19(24), pp. 3737-3761, ISSN: 2169-897X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-11-20
    Description: The oxygen isotopes of water (H218O and H216O) are tracers widely used for the investigation of Earth science problems. The tracer applications are based on the premise that the 18O/16O ratio of open-water evaporation (δ18O ) can be calculated from environmental conditions. A long-standing issue concerns the role of kinetic fractionation, or diffusion transport, in the evaporation process. Here we deployed an optical instrument at a large lake (area 2,400 km2) to make in situ measurement of δ18O and δD of atmospheric vapor, then determined δ18O and δD of open-water evaporation using the gradient-diffusion method. Our results show a much weaker kinetic effect than suggested by the kinetic factor εk adopted in some previous studies of lake hydrology (14.2‰). By incorporating into the H218O isotopic mass balance of the lake a lower εk value (about 6.2‰) used for ocean evaporation in global climate models, we obtain an annual lake evaporation rate that agrees with an independent eddy-covariance observation, but the rate is 72% higher than if the commonly used lake εk value of 14.2‰ is applied. The applicability of this results to small lakes is uncertain and in need of field-based assessment.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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