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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental management 12 (1988), S. 591-602 
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Bottomland hardwood forests ; Cumulative impacts ; Goal-setting ; Regulation ; Wetlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This article is an extension and application of Preston and Bedford (1988), especially as relevant to bottomland hardwood (BLH) forests of the southeastern United States. The most important cumulative effects in BLH forests result from incremental forest loss (nibbling) and from synergisms resulting from this nibbling. Present regulatory procedures are ineffective in preventing incremental forest loss because of the focus on permit site evaluation, rather than on large landscapes. Three examples are given to illustrate the need for a landscape focus. This perspective requires preplanning or goal-setting to establish the desired conditions to be maintained in the regulated landscape unit. Spatial and temporal scales are of particular concern for landscape impact assessment. Natural drainage basins of about 106 ha, as identified in U.S. Geological Survey hydrologic units, appear to appropriate spatial units: they have fairly natural boundaries, are of sufficient size to support populations of large, wide-ranging mammals, and are compatible with existing maps and databases. Time scales should be sufficiently long to include recovery of wetland ecosystems from human perturbations. In practice, available data sets limit analysis to no longer than 50 yr. Eight indicators of landscape integrity are identified, based on generally available long-term data sets. Linking technical information concerning cumulativeeffects on landscapes to the evaluation of cumulativeimpacts in regulatory programs (i.e., goal-setting) is a serious issue that can benefit from precedents found in the field of epidemiology, and in the establishment of clean air and clean water standards. We suggest that reference data sets must be developed, relating BLH function to structure (forest area). These can be used to set goals for individual watersheds, based on their present conditions and the magnitude and type of perceived development pressures. Thus the crucial steps in establishing a successful program appear to be (1) establish study unit boundaries, (2) assess the condition of study unit landscape integrity, (3) set goals, and (4) consider the impacts of permit proposals with both goals and the existing condition of the study unit landscape in mind.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1572-9834
    Keywords: bottomland forest ; conservation biology ; corridors ; cumulative impact management plan ; faunal species diversity ; forest structure ; hydrology ; landscape restoration ; water quality ; wetland protection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un plan d'aménagement utilisant une approace paysagère a été mis au point pour limiter la perte de terrain en zones humides (“wetland”) dans le bassin du Tensas se trouvant en Louisiane (U.S.A.) et dont la superficie est d'un million d'hectares. Des propositions ont été formulées pour le développement des zones humides et ont été évaluées pour leur potentialité dans le but d'affecter tout le paysage. Le plan exigeait deux étapes préalables. Premièrement, nous avons évalué le status structurel et fonctionnel du paysage en fonction du temps. Deuxiè-ment, en utilisant les résultats de cette évaluation, nous avons formulé un ensemble de buts liés à l'environnement. Notre estimation indiquait que le paysage avait subi une sérieuse perte de terrain: 85% de la forêt d'origine a été perdu; et le déboisement a eu des répercussions négatives sur la qualité des eaux et sur la faune. Des buts spécifiques ont été formulés pour conserver le restant des ressources en zones humides ainsi que pour restaurer son intégrité fonctionnelle au bassin. En nous basant sur ces deux étapes préalables, et sur les principes de l'écoosystème et de la conservation biologique, nous avons mis au point un plan pour établir deux grandes parcelles boisées (“bottomland-forest”, “BLF”) représentant 102 000 et 63 000 hectares. Ces parcelles seraient établies en reboisant environ 1000 hectares de couloirs, principalement le long des cours d'eau, connectant ainsi les parcelles forestières déjà existantes. Par ailleurs, des digues bâties dans la forêt et des déviations artificielles seraient incorporées pour restaurer les inondations naturelles dans certaines régions des BLF. La priorité serait accordée aux zones humides existantes selon leur superficie et la densité des parcelles. Ces zones humides seraient placées dans l'une des trois catégories d'aménagement. La mise en place d'un tel plan nest possible que sous l'áutorité des programmes fédéraux américains administrés par des agences responsables de la protection des zones humides.
    Notes: Abstract A management plan using a watershed-scale approach was devised to limit loss of wetland functions in the one million ha Tensas Basin, Louisiana, U.S.A. Proposals to develop wetland areas are evaluated for their potential to affect the structure and function of the landscape as a whole. The plan required two prior steps. First, we assessed the structural and functional status of the landscape through time. Second, using the assessment, we formulated a set of environmental goals. The assessment indicated that the landscape is severely degraded; of the original forest, 85% has been lost, and the deforestation has negatively affected water quality and biota. Specific goals were devised to conserve remaining wetland resources and to restore functional integrity to the basin as a whole. On the basis of these two prior steps and principles of landscape ecology and conservation biology, we devised a plan that would establish two large tracts of bottomland forest (BLF) totaling 102 000 and 63 000 ha. These tracts would be established by reforesting about 1000 ha of corridors, primarily along streams, linking existing forest patches. In addition, set-back levees and man-made diversions would be incorporated to restore natural flooding to certain areas of remaining BLF. Existing wetlands would be prioritized on the basis of size and density of patches and placed in one of three management categories. Implementation of such a plan is possible under the present regulatory authority of U.S. federal government programs administered by regulatory agencies responsible for wetland protection.
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1999-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0277-5212
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-6246
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1985-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0277-5212
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-6246
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1988-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0364-152X
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1009
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Springer
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1989-12-01
    Print ISSN: 0277-5212
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-6246
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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