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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of rubber cutting resistance in the absence of friction (1978)
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 14 (1978), S. 509-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On décrit une méthode pour établir la résistance des caoutchouc à la coupure par des objets affûtés. Cette méthode comporte l'application d'un moyen de coupage (lame de rasoir) à l'extrémité d'une fissure dans une pièce d'essai soumise à déchirement. La méthode permet d'éliminer de manière substantielle les effets de la friction lors du processus de coupure. Sous ces conditions, deux formes distinctes de coupures sont observées: l'une est un processus lent dépendant du temps, tandis que l'autre comporte une rupture rapide et “catastrophique”. En utilisant la mécanique de la rupture, on peut tenir compte des effets de la forme des pièces d'essai et de la déformation sur le comportement lors du coupage. La résistance relative au coupage de différents caoutchoucs parait varier avec les conditions d'essai. Lors de faibles déformations, le démarrage de la coupure dite catastrophique peut être défini par une relation simple qui est applicable dans tous les cas des caoutchoucs examinés.
    Notes: Abstract A method for assessing the resistance of rubbers to cutting by sharp objects is described. It involves the application of the cutting implement -a razor blade-to the tip of a crack in a stretched tear test piece. The method enables effects of friction on the cutting process to be substantially eliminated. Under these conditions two distinct forms of cutting are observed: one is a slow time-dependent process, while the other involves rapid, “catastropic” failure. Effects of test piece shape and deformation on the cutting behaviour can be taken into account by use of fracture mechanics. The relative cutting resistance of different rubbers is found to vary according to the test conditions. At low deformations the onset of catastrophic cutting can be defined by a simple relationship which is applicable to all rubbers examined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01390472
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mechanical fatigue limit for rubber (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1233-1251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Investigations of the dynamic cut growth behavior of vulcanized rubbers indicate that there is a minimum tearing energy at which mechanical rupture of chains occurs. The limiting value is characteristic of each vulcanizate, but is in the region of 0.05 kg./cm. The mechanical fatigue limit, below which the number of cycles to failure increases rapidly, is accurately predicted from this critical tearing energy. Characteristics of cut growth at low tearing energies, and effects of polymer, vulcanizing system, oxygen, and fillers on the critical tearing energy and fatigue limit are discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090405
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fatigue of rubber at low strains (1966)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 10 (1966), S. 343-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The fatigue failure of natural rubber vulcanizates undergoing repeated low tensile deformations has been investigated. It is found that below a critical deformation the life is greatly influenced by the ozone concentration in the test atmosphere. This result was anticipated theoretically from previous studies of cut growth behavior, and the theory enables the combined effects of the two cut growth mechanisms - mechanicooxidative rupture and ozone scission - to be taken into account in predicting fatigue life.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1966.070100214
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cut growth and fatigue of rubbers. II. Experiments on a noncrystallizing rubber (1964)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 8 (1964), S. 707-721 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Tensile fatigue failure of a gum vulcanizate of noncrystallizing SBR can be accounted for by the growth of small flaws initially present in the rubber. Fatigue of crystallizing natural rubber was shown in Part I to be attributable to the same cause. Cut growth results are interpreted in terms of the tearing energy theory of Rivlin and Thomas. SBR exhibits cut growth under both static and dynamic conditions; in each case the rate is approximately proportional to the fourth power of the tearing energy. Variation of the dynamic cut growth rate with frequency can be explained by the summation of a timedependent static component of growth and a cyclic component not dissimilar to that occurring in natural rubber. Fatigue failure, under both static and dynamic conditions, is predicted from the cut growth results. These predictions are found to account quantitatively for experimentally observed fatigue lives when a suitable value is assumed for the initial flaw size. Fatigue lives at different temperatures correlate well with cut growth results obtained by Greensmith and Thomas over the same temperature range. The results are compared to those obtained previously for natural rubber, and possible reasons for the differences in fatigue behavior of crystallizing and noncrystallizing rubbers are discussed.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1964.070080212
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of ozone in dynamic cut growth of rubber (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 2031-2045 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The effect of ozone on the growth of cuts in rubber strips subjected to repeated tensile deformations has been investigated. At tearing energies below a critical value ozone accounts for all the cut growth, and in this region the rate of growth also occurs due to mechanico-oxidative rupture, the rate of this type of growth increasing rapidly with increasing tearing energy so that the effects of ozone are normally slight. For vulcanizates of natural rubber and SBR unprotected by antiozonant, the characteristics of dynamic ozone cut growth can be deduced from static measurements. If a natural rubber test piece is not allowed to relax to zero strain on each cycle, the effects of ozone are important over a wider range of tearing energy.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090604
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of crack tip sharpness on the strength of vulcanized rubbers (1987)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 25 (1987), S. 1157-1190 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of crack tip sharpness on crack propagation in vulcanized rubbers has been studied. For very sharp cracks, tearing is found to occur on a small scale at very low energies not far above the threshold required for the onset of mechanical crack growth. The “small-scale” tearing energies show relatively little variation for rubbers that differ widely in tear strength as normally measured. Thus the latter property appears to be strongly influenced by variations in the ability of rubbers to promote tip blunting. The small-scale tear behavior is of relevance to other fracture phenomena, including cutting by sharp objects and tensile failure. Natural variations in tip sharpness occur during cyclic or time-dependent mechanical crack growth and influence the form of the crack growth characteristics.
    Additional Material: 23 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1987.090250601
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  • 7
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    Measurement of rubber cutting resistance in the absence of friction (1978)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0376-9429
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-2673
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Springer
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  • 8
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    High vacuum sliding seal (1963)
    Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 1963-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0950-7671
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Published by Institute of Physics
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