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  • 1
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    On the pressure effect in energetic deposition of Cu thin films by modulated pulsed power magnetron sputtering: A global plasma model and experiments (2015)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-05-27
    Description: The modulated pulsed power magnetron sputtering (MPPMS) discharge processes are numerically modeled and experimentally investigated, in order to explore the effect of the pressure on MPPMS discharges as well as on the microstructure of the deposited thin films. A global plasma model has been developed based on a volume-averaged global description of the ionization region, considering the loss of electrons by cross-B diffusion. The temporal variations of internal plasma parameters at different pressures from 0.1 to 0.7 Pa are obtained by fitting the model to duplicate the experimental discharge data, and Cu thin films are deposited by MPPMS at the corresponding pressures. The surface morphology, grain size and orientation, and microstructure of the deposited thin films are investigated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction. By increasing the pressure from 0.1 to 0.7 Pa, both the ion bombardment energy and substrate temperature which are estimated by the modeled plasma parameters decrease, corresponding to the observed transition of the deposited thin films from a void free structure with a wide distribution of grain size (zone T) into an underdense structure with a fine fiber texture (zone 1) in the extended structure zone diagram (SZD). The microstructure and texture transition of Cu thin films are well-explained by the extended SZD, suggesting that the primary plasma processes are properly incorporated in the model. The results contribute to the understanding of the characteristics of MPPMS discharges, as well as its correlation with the microstructure and texture of deposited Cu thin films.
    Print ISSN: 0021-8979
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7550
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 2
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    Variations in organic aerosol optical and hygroscopic properties upon heterogeneous OH oxidation (2011)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-06
    Description: Measurements of the evolution of organic aerosol extinction cross sections (σext) and subsaturated hygroscopicity upon heterogeneous OH oxidation are reported for two model compounds, squalane (a C30 saturated hydrocarbon) and azelaic acid (a C9 dicarboxylic acid). For both compounds, the σext values at 532 nm increase substantially as the particles undergo oxidation, exhibiting a logarithmic increase with OH exposure. The increase in σext correlates with both an increase in the particle oxygen to carbon (O:C) atomic ratio and density and a decrease in mean molecular weight. The measurements have been used to calculate the variation with oxidation of the mean polarizability, α, of the molecules comprising the particles. The absolute α values for the two systems are shown to be related through the variation in the particle chemical composition, specifically the relative abundances of C, O, and H atoms and the mean molecular weight. Unlike σext, it was found that the evolution of the particle hygroscopicity upon oxidation is quite different for the two model systems considered. Hygroscopicity was quantified by measuring γext, which is a single-parameter representation of hygroscopicity that describes the increase in extinction upon exposure of the particles to a high–relative humidity environment (here, 75% and 85% RH). For unoxidized squalane, γext was zero and only increased slowly as the particles were oxidized by OH radicals. In contrast, γext for azelaic acid increased rapidly upon exposure to OH, eventually reaching a plateau at high OH exposures. In general, γext appears to vary sigmoidally with O:C, reaching a plateau at high O:C.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 3
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    Pollution: Uncouple from economy boom (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xiao, Hong-Wei -- Mujumdar, A S -- Che, Liming -- England -- Nature. 2015 Jan 8;517(7533):145. doi: 10.1038/517145b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉China Agricultural University, Beijing, China. ; McGill University, Quebec, Canada. ; Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25567271" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Air Pollution/adverse effects/*statistics & numerical data ; China/epidemiology ; Cities ; Environmental Pollutants/adverse effects/analysis ; Gross Domestic Product/*statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Life Expectancy ; Respiratory Tract Diseases/mortality
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    The extent of non-Born-Oppenheimer coupling in the reaction of Cl(2P) with para-H2 (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-10-25
    Description: Elementary triatomic reactions offer a compelling test of our understanding of the extent of electron-nuclear coupling in chemical reactions, which is neglected in the widely applied Born-Oppenheimer (BO) approximation. The BO approximation predicts that in reactions between chlorine (Cl) atoms and molecular hydrogen, the excited spin-orbit state (Cl*) should not participate to a notable extent. We report molecular beam experiments, based on hydrogen-atom Rydberg tagging detection, that reveal only a minor role of Cl*. These results are in excellent agreement with fully quantum-reactive scattering calculations based on two sets of ab initio potential energy surfaces. This study resolves a previous disagreement between theory and experiment and confirms our ability to simulate accurately chemical reactions on multiple potential energy surfaces.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Xingan -- Dong, Wenrui -- Xiao, Chunlei -- Che, Li -- Ren, Zefeng -- Dai, Dongxu -- Wang, Xiuyan -- Casavecchia, Piergiorgio -- Yang, Xueming -- Jiang, Bin -- Xie, Daiqian -- Sun, Zhigang -- Lee, Soo-Y -- Zhang, Dong H -- Werner, Hans-Joachim -- Alexander, Millard H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Oct 24;322(5901):573-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1163195.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People's Republic of China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18948537" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Observation of Feshbach resonances in the F + H2 --〉 HF + H reaction (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-11
    Description: Reaction resonances, or transiently stabilized transition-state structures, have proven highly challenging to capture experimentally. Here, we used the highly sensitive H atom Rydberg tagging time-of-flight method to conduct a crossed molecular beam scattering study of the F + H2 --〉 HF + H reaction with full quantum-state resolution. Pronounced forward-scattered HF products in the v' = 2 vibrational state were clearly observed at a collision energy of 0.52 kcal/mol; this was attributed to both the ground and the first excited Feshbach resonances trapped in the peculiar HF(v' = 3)-H' vibrationally adiabatic potential, with substantial enhancement by constructive interference between the two resonances.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Qiu, Minghui -- Ren, Zefeng -- Che, Li -- Dai, Dongxu -- Harich, Steve A -- Wang, Xiuyan -- Yang, Xueming -- Xu, Chuanxiu -- Xie, Daiqian -- Gustafsson, Magnus -- Skodje, Rex T -- Sun, Zhigang -- Zhang, Dong H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Mar 10;311(5766):1440-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, P. R. China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16527975" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Electrons ; Fluorine/*chemistry ; Hydrogen/*chemistry ; Models, Chemical
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    Breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation in the F+ o-D2 -〉 DF + D reaction (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-08-25
    Description: The reaction of F with H2 and its isotopomers is the paradigm for an exothermic triatomic abstraction reaction. In a crossed-beam scattering experiment, we determined relative integral and differential cross sections for reaction of the ground F(2P(3/2)) and excited F*(2P(1/2)) spin-orbit states with D2 for collision energies of 0.25 to 1.2 kilocalorie/mole. At the lowest collision energy, F* is approximately 1.6 times more reactive than F, although reaction of F* is forbidden within the Born-Oppenheimer (BO) approximation. As the collision energy increases, the BO-allowed reaction rapidly dominates. We found excellent agreement between multistate, quantum reactive scattering calculations and both the measured energy dependence of the F*/F reactivity ratio and the differential cross sections. This agreement confirms the fundamental understanding of the factors controlling electronic nonadiabaticity in abstraction reactions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Che, Li -- Ren, Zefeng -- Wang, Xingan -- Dong, Wenrui -- Dai, Dongxu -- Wang, Xiuyan -- Zhang, Dong H -- Yang, Xueming -- Sheng, Liusi -- Li, Guoliang -- Werner, Hans-Joachim -- Lique, Francois -- Alexander, Millard H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Aug 24;317(5841):1061-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People's Republic of (P. R.) China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17717180" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Ferroelectricity of structural origin in the spin-chain compounds ${\mathrm{Ca}}_{3}{\mathrm{Co}}_{2−x}{\mathrm{Mn}}_{x}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ (2017)
    American Physical Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-23
    Description: Author(s): J. Shi, J. D. Song, J. C. Wu, X. Rao, H. L. Che, Z. Y. Zhao, H. D. Zhou, J. Ma, R. R. Zhang, L. Zhang, X. G. Liu, X. Zhao, and X. F. Sun We report a systematic study of the structure, electric, and magnetic properties of Ca 3 Co 2 − x Mn x O 6 single crystals with x = 0.72 and 0.26. The dc and ac magnetic susceptibilities display anomalies with characteristic of the spin freezing. The crystals show ferroelectric transition at 40 and 35 K ( T FE ) ... [Phys. Rev. B 96, 064112] Published Mon Aug 21, 2017
    Keywords: Structure, structural phase transitions, mechanical properties, defects
    Print ISSN: 1098-0121
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-3795
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Physical Society (APS)
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  • 8
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    LNETWORK: an efficient and effective method for constructing phylogenetic networks (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-28
    Description: Motivation: The evolutionary history of species is traditionally represented with a rooted phylogenetic tree. Each tree comprises a set of clusters, i.e. subsets of the species that are descended from a common ancestor. When rooted phylogenetic trees are built from several different datasets (e.g. from different genes), the clusters are often conflicting. These conflicting clusters cannot be expressed as a simple phylogenetic tree; however, they can be expressed in a phylogenetic network. Phylogenetic networks are a generalization of phylogenetic trees that can account for processes such as hybridization, horizontal gene transfer and recombination, which are difficult to represent in standard tree-like models of evolutionary histories. There is currently a large body of research aimed at developing appropriate methods for constructing phylogenetic networks from cluster sets. The C ass algorithm can construct a much simpler network than other available methods, but is extremely slow for large datasets or for datasets that need lots of reticulate nodes. The networks constructed by C ass are also greatly dependent on the order of input data, i.e. it generally derives different phylogenetic networks for the same dataset when different input orders are used. Results: In this study, we introduce an improved C ass algorithm, L network , which can construct a phylogenetic network for a given set of clusters. We show that L network is significantly faster than C ass and effectively weakens the influence of input data order. Moreover, we show that L network can construct a much simpler network than most of the other available methods. Availability: L network has been built as a Java software package and is freely available at http://nclab.hit.edu.cn/~wangjuan/L network / . Contact: maozuguo@hit.edu.cn Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
    Print ISSN: 1367-4803
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2059
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 9
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    Mesozoic and Cenozoic deformations in the Raggyorcaka area, Tibet: implications for the tectonic evolution of the North Qiangtang terrane (2015)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-26
    Description: The Mesozoic and Cenozoic deformations of the North Qiangtang terrane reflect a portion of the collisional tectonics of the Tethys Ocean, involving Late Triassic, Early Cretaceous and Cenozoic intraplate structures of shallow to superficial tectonic levels. The structural mapping of the Permian–Triassic structural layer indicates that the Mesozoic structural style is dominated by Early Cretaceous horizontal contractional deformations characterized by NW–SE-trending thrust faults and flexural-slip folds. These folds and thrusts were superimposed on Late Triassic buckle folds. Structural analysis of deformations of the Neogene and Quaternary sedimentary layers indicates that there was an obvious transition in the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the North Qiangtang terrane, which can be divided into two deformation stages. In episode I (50–40 to 18 Ma), the crust experienced large-scale north–south horizontal shortening and vertical thickening shown by buckle folds and thrust faults. In episode II (18 Ma–present day), east–west passive extension formed conjugate strike-slip fault systems and pull-apart basins. During episode II, the Qiangtang basin was extruded eastwards, and a number of superficial north–south-trending buckle folds were formed. Supplementary material: Supplementary material is available at http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18787 .
    Print ISSN: 0016-7649
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biodegradation of shells of the black pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera var. cumingii, by microborers and sponges of French Polynesia (1996)
    Springer
    Marine biology 126 (1996), S. 509-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The composition, distribution and infestation sequence of organisms that destroy the commercially valuable shells of the black oyster Pinctada margaritifera var. cumingii Jameson, 1901 were studied. Three ecologically different groups of boring (euendolithic) organisms were identified: (1) phototrophic boring microorganisms (cyanobacteria, Hyella caespitosa, Hyella sp., Mastigocoleus testarum, Plectonema terebrans, and green algae, Phaeophila dendroides, Ostreobium quekettii); (2) heterotrophic boring microorganisms (fungi, Ostracoblabe implexa); (3) filter-feeding boring organisms (sponges, Cliona margaritiferae, C. vastifica). The phototrophic endoliths dominate the external pristmatic region of the shell, whereas the valuable interior nacreous region is attacked mainly by heterotrophs. Boring patterns reflect in part the shape and behaviour of the organisms and in part the structural properties of the shell, and inflict different types of damage. Infestation starts with microbial borers, which prepare the conditions for later invasion by more damaging clionid sponges. The infestation begins always at the apex, the oldest part of the shells, from which the periostracum is often removed by natural attrition or by cleaning procedure. The rate of bioerosion in 1 yr-old hatchery shells is 36 times higher than in natural populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00354633
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