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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Hamburg : Dt. Hydrographisches Inst.
    Call number: A4 16
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: 274 S. : Ill., Kt.
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Ocean temperature, salinity and chlorofluorocarbon concentration data are used to track the recent spreading of cold intermediate-depth water masses from the Labrador Sea across the northern North Atlantic Ocean. These water masses, which are formed from surface waters by deep convection in ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Ocean dynamics 44 (1991), S. 383-389 
    ISSN: 1616-7228
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The role of the ocean within the Earth's climate system has increasingly become a focus of discussions about the planet's climate. In particular, the question of the global oceanic transport of heat and fresh water has been of interest. In this respect, the Atlantic's asymetric heat transport and its variations are of great importance for Europe. Coupled climate models now permit global and regional scenarios to be formulated. Although no distinction can be made between natural and anthropogenic variations from observations, model calculations do allow us to forecast trends. Numerous questions about the physics and chemistry of the ocean remain unanswered, however. For that reason it has not yet been possible to include them in models. To distinguish clearly between variations and trends, and to provide the necessary scientific findings for model formulations, a long-term, practical and economically justifiable global observation system is required —especially for the ocean. Work on the design of such a system is being intensified. In the process, new ground is being broken in science and technology, but also in administration. How is a global observation system to function if it is no more than the sum of its parts? As the industrialized nations are found in the northern hemisphere, their attention is directed at the ocean on their doorstep. But they must also be prepared to support such an observation system in the southern hemisphere. Will they be able to do so?
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Rolle des Ozeans im Klimasystem der Erde ist zunehmend in den Vordergrund der Klimadiskussion geraten. Besonders der globale ozeanische Transport von Wärme und Süßwasser wurde dabei herausgearbeitet. Dabei ist der asymetrische Wärmetransport des Atlantiks und seine Schwankungen von besonderer Bedeutung für Europa. Gekoppelte Klimamodelle erlauben heute globale und regionale Szenarien. Während in den Beobachtungen natürliche und anthropogene Schwankungen nicht sauber getrennt werden können, lassen Szenarienrechnungen Trendaussagen zu. Dennoch bestehen zahlreiche offene Fragen zur Physik und Chemie des Ozeans, die daher bislang nicht in die Modelle eingearbeitet werden können. Um Schwankungen und Trends sauber trennen zu können- und die notwendigen wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse für die Modellformulierungen bereitstellen zu können—brauchen wir besonders für der Ozean ein langfristig angelegtes, zweckdienlich konzipiertes und ökonomisch vertretbares globales Beobachtungssystem. An seinem Entwurf wird verstärkt gearbeitet. Dabei wird neben wissenschaftlichem und technologischem Neuland auch verwaltungsmäßig Neuland betreten. Wie kann eine globales Beobachtungssystem funktionieren, wenn es nicht mehr wird als die Summe seiner Einzelteile? Da die Industrienationen auf der Nordhalbkugel siedeln, richtet sich ihr Augenmerk natürlich auf den Ozean vor der Haustür. Sie müssen sich aber vorbereiten, auch auf der Südhalbkugel dieses Beobachtungssystem zu unterstützen. Sind sie dazu in der Lage?
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Ocean dynamics 26 (1973), S. 193-215 
    ISSN: 1616-7228
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Interpretation von Strommessungen ergibt als typisches Merkmal des mittleren vertikalen Stromaufbaus normal zum Schelf zwei Zirkulationszellen entgegengesetzter Rotation. Hierbei haben wir vorausgesetzt, daß der küstennahe Auftrieb näherungsweise ein zweidimensionaler Vorgang ist. Danach tritt der Kern des auflandigen Kompensationsstroms (∼+10 cm s−1) über dem oberen Kontinentalabhang in einer Zwischenschicht in 60–70 m Tiefe und über dem Schelf in der bodennahen Schicht auf. Der Kompensationsstrom verursacht unterhalb der relativ flachen Auftriebsschicht eine Konvergenz. Ein Teil seiner Wassermassen steigt zur Kompensation der divergenten Oberflächenströmung auf. Ein kleinerer Teil sinkt jedoch am oberen Kontinentalabhang in tiefere Schichten und trägt zu einer schwachen ablandigen Stromkomponente über dem Boden bei. Es ist zu erwarten, daß Stärke, Mächtigkeit und Tiefenlage des Kompensationsstroms mit wachsender Intensität des Auftriebs zunehmen. Die Meßergebnisse geben außerdem deutliche Hinweise für die Existenz eines nordwärts setzenden Unterstroms und des ‘coastal jet’ in der Oberflächenschicht. Die der mittleren Strömung überlagerten effektiven Schwankungen sind über dem Kontinentalabhang größer als über dem Schelf. Die halbtägigen Gezeiten besitzen die größte Amplitude. Sie ist in den oberen 100 m, unabhängig von der Wassertiefe, konstant; nimmt jedoch mit größerer Tiefe zu. Über dem Schelf sind die Schwankungen, deren Periode kleiner als die der halbtägigen Gezeit sind, unbedeutend. Dies ist wahrscheinlich auf die Dissipation der kürzeren, energiearmen Schwingungen durch die relativ starken, turbulenten Vermischungen über dem Schelf zurückzuführen. Im Gegensatz zu den Verhältnissen über dem Kontinentalabhang sind aber auch längere Schwankungen, wie zum Beispiel die Trägheitsschwingung (∼ 33 h), über dem Schelf während der Beobachtungszeit bedeutungslos.
    Abstract: Résumé Une interprétation des mesures de courant met en évidence, comme un caractère typique de la composante transversale, l'existence de deux cellules circulant dans des sens opposés sur le talus continental supérieur. On y a supposé que l'upwelling côtier était surtout un phénomène à deux dimensions. Au-dessus du talus continental supérieur, le noyeau du courant sub-superficiel retournant vers la côte (∼ +10 cm s−1) se situe à une profondeur intermédiaire de 60 à 70 mètres et au-dessus du fond sur le plateau continental. Ce courant provoque une convergence, juste au-dessus de la propre couche d'upwelling qui est relativement peu épaisse. Une grande partie de la masse d'eau du courant de retour alimente le courant d'Ekman dans la couche de surface. Cependant, une autre partie, moins importante, descend vers le bas du talus et contribue à former une faible composante au large, au-dessus du fond. Il est supposé que la force, l'épaisseur et la profondeur du courant de compensation venant du large augmentent avec l'intensité d'upwelling. En outre, les observations mettent en évidence un ‹jet› côtier à la surface et un courant inférieur allant en direction du pôle. L'amplitude des fluctuations qui se superposent au courant moyen est plus grande sur le talus que sur le plateau continental. Dans les spectres, c'est l'amplitude de la marée semi-diurne qui domine. Elle semble être constante et indépendante, de la profondeur jusqu' à 100 mètres, mais elle augmente pour de plus grandes profondeurs. Sur le plateau continental, on n'a pas observé de fluctuations significatives, à des périodes inférieures à celle de la marée semi-diurne. Cela est probablement dû à des processus de mélange relativement importants qui atténuent les oscillations courtes de moindre énergie sur la plateau continental. Cependant, contrairement aux conditions sur le talus continental, même les oscillations à des périodes plus longues que la marée semi-diurne, comme par exemple les fluctuations dues à l'inertie (∼ 33 heures), sont insignifiantes sur le plateau continental pendant la durée des observations.
    Notes: Summary An interpretation of current measurements yields, as a typical feature of the cross-component over the upper slope, two circulation cells with opposite rotation. Here coastal upwelling has been assumed to be mainly a two-dimensional phenomenon. Over the upper continental slope the core of the subsurface onshore return flow (∼+10 cm s−1) occurs at intermediate depths of 60 m to 70 m and above the bottom over the shelf. This flow causes a convergence just beneath the actual relatively shallow upwelling layer. A great part of the water masses of the return flow feeds the Ekman flux in the surface layer. Another minor part, however, sinks down the slope contributing to a weak offshore component above the bottom. It is suggested that the strength, the thickness and the depth of the onshore compensation flow increase with the intensity of upwelling. The observations, moreover, give evidence of a ‘coastal jet’ at the surface and a poleward going undercurrent. The amplitude of the effective fluctuations superposing the mean flow is larger over the slope than over the shelf. In the spectra the amplitude of the semi-diurnal tide is dominating. It seems to be constant within the upper 100 m independent of depth, but is increasing at greater depths. Over the shelf no significant fluctuations with periods smaller than the semi-diurnal tide have been observed. This is probably due to relatively strong mixing, dissipating the short oscillations of lower energy over the shelf. However, in contrast to the conditions over the slope, even longer periods than the semidiurnal tide, as for example the inertial fluctuations (∼33 h), are insignificant over the shelf during the period of observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Ocean dynamics 36 (1983), S. 259-260 
    ISSN: 1616-7228
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Ocean dynamics 28 (1975), S. 193-206 
    ISSN: 1616-7228
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden engabständige Strommessungen in der Deutschen Bucht aus dem Juni 1968 in ihrem langperiodischen Teil (T〉25 h) untersucht. Dabei ergibt sich, daß die Nordkomponente des Bodenstromes (v) stark korreliert mit der Ostkomponente des Windes (U) in diesem Gebiet. Die winderzeugten Veränderungen des Massenfeldes verursachen eine quasi-geostrophische Strömung am Boden. Diese Strömung reagiert ohne erkennbare Verzögerung auf solche Veränderungen des Windfeldes, die erheblich größere Perioden haben als die Eigenschwingungen der Nordsee. Die damit verbundenen Beschleunigungen sind sehr klein und so zu vernachlässigen; daher kann man die Restströmung auch als quasi-stationär ansehen.
    Abstract: Résumé La partie à longue période (T〉25 h) de courants measurés en des points rapprochés en baie Allemande en juin 1968 est étudiée. La composante Nord du courant de fond se révèle largement corrélée avec la composante Est du vent dans cette zone. Les modifications du champ de masse dues au vent donnent naissance à un courant quasi-géostrophique près du fond. Ce courant répond sans délai perceptible aux variations du champ du vent avec des périodes considérablement plus longues que celles des seiches de la mer du Nord. Les accélérations liées à de telles longues périodes sont si petites qu'elles peuvent être négligées et les courants peuvent être considérés comme quasi-stationnaires.
    Notes: Summary The long-period part (T〉25 h) of currents measured at close spacing in the German Bight in June 1968 is investigated. The north component of the bottom current is shown to be highly correlated with the east component of the wind in this area, the wind-generated changes of the mass-field giving rise to a quasi-geostrophic current near the bottom. This current responds without perceptible delay to the variations of wind fields with periods considerably longer than those of the seiches of the North Sea. The accelerations linked to such long periods are so small as to be negligable and the residual currents can be regarded as quasi-stationary.
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  • 7
  • 8
    Publication Date: 2013-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Springer Nature
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1988-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Electronic ISSN: 2156-2202
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2016-06-08
    Description: The inundation situations on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar territory for the period from 1945 until 2013 were analysed and the main types of inundations at the coast are described. Synoptic factors of the formation of extreme precipitation and rainfall floods, features and regularities of the downstream flood wave transformation in the rivers are also studied. Therefore, assessments of seasonal and maximum flow of the Black Sea coast rivers for the period of hydrometric measurements were done. Regularities of change of the occurrence of inundations and their characteristics on the coastal terrain were analysed, for a year and on a perennial timescale. Most catastrophic and exceptional inundations arise in the summer and in early autumn. Small inundations during the remaining year reflect the seasonal distribution of river flow and floods in the Black Sea rivers. Extensive and sometimes extreme precipitation dominates the river flow regimes. The seasonal distribution of small and moderately dangerous inundations reflects, on average, a water regime of two groups of rivers of the coast – to the north and to the south of the Tuapse River. To the north of the Tuapse River, floods prevail from November until March (up to 70 % of observed floods took place in this period) as a result of precipitation and winter snowmelt during frequent thaw periods. In winter, high waters often overlap to form a multi-peak high water of 2–3 weeks' duration. In the summer and in early autumn we observe a steady low flow. The total amount of runoff increases both in a southeast direction, and with the altitude of the river basins. Interannual variability of mean annual runoff, as well as maximum runoff, on the contrary decreases in the southern direction and with an increasing area of the river basins. The coastal high waters of the rivers of the Sochi part of the coast are typical at any time of the year, but more often floods in the cold season result from incessant rain, and thawing snow. Annually up to 25 floods have been observed. The principal reason of such distribution is the increase of extreme rainfall in the warm season. Orographic features of the coast and detailed features of rainfall only cover a small number of local river basins and a limited area. The geographical correlation of individual rainfall and subsequent floods ceases to be statistically significant for distances over 40–60 km. The annual flow cycle is mainly determined by two seasons, winter/spring and summer, with strong and weak flows, respectively; almost 71 % of all catastrophic and exceptional inundations took place in July–August (71 %) and in October–November (29 %). The characteristic features of dangerous floods are their rapid formation and propagation, a significant increase of water level (up to 5–7 m and more) and the multiple increase of water discharges in comparison with low flow period. Analysis of the interannual changes of the number of inundations at the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar territory has shown some increase of the number of inundations in the period from the early 1970s until the early years of the twenty-first century. Quantitative assessments of risk, hazard and damage for the population and economic activities from accidental inundations in the valleys of the Black Sea coast rivers show that economic and social losses from inundations at the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar territory are some of the highest in the Russian Federation. The basic conclusion from recent inundations is the need to consider not only the lower reaches and mouths of the Black Sea coast rivers where the main part of the social and economic development of the coast is concentrated, but also whole river basins and catchments. Further, an analysis of the efficiency of the measures applied at the coast to mitigate inundations and their after-effects is provided.
    Print ISSN: 1561-8633
    Electronic ISSN: 1684-9981
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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