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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epidemiology of Aflatoxin Formation by Aspergillus Flavus* (1987)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Phytopathology 25 (1987), S. 249-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4286
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.25.090187.001341
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytochemical localization and ultrastructure of Aspergillus flavus in cottonseed (1990)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 110 (1990), S. 43-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Aspergillus flavus ; aflatoxin ; cytochemistry ; Gossypium ; ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cottonseeds having fluorescent fibers were harvested from fields in Arizona and examined utilizing light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The occurrence of fluorescent fibers indicated that seeds had been infected by Aspergillus flavus during development. Presence of A. flavus was verified by plating portions of seeds with fluorescent fibers. Hyphae, conidial heads, and conidia were identified readily in differentially-stained cotyledon tissue processed for light microscopy. Utilization of transmission electron microscopy permitted observations on lignified seed coats and cotyledons of mature cottonseeds. Hyphae were located throughout the cotyledon and in the nonlignified layers of the seed coat. The identification of hyphae in cross sections of vessel elements within the seed coat provided ultrastructural evidence supporting the hypothesis that A. flavus may enter seeds via the vascular tissue. Controls for the microscopy studies included observations on cottonseeds with no visual signs of infection and on laboratory-grown cultures of A. flavus. These observations demonstrated that the hyphae localized within fluorescent seeds had features characteristic of A. flavus and that fungal-like structures do not occur within uninfected seeds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00442769
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibition of some mycotoxigenic fungi by iturin A, a peptidolipid produced by Bacillus subtilis (1991)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 116 (1991), S. 77-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Aspergillus ; biorational control ; fungicide ; Fusarium ; Gerlachia ; Penicillium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bacillus subtilis produces peptidolipid compounds of the iturin group that have been shown to have antifungal properties, but not all fungal species are sensitive to these compounds. In this study, the activity of iturin A, produced by B. subtilis strain B-3, was tested. Paper disks impregnated with various concentrations of iturin A were placed on agar plates seeded with conidia of toxigenic species of Fusarium, Gerlacia, Penicillium or Aspergillus. Most isolates were inhibited at iturin A concentrations as low as 4 μg/disk. Penicillium italicum, P. vindicatum, A. ochraceus and A. versicolor were most strongly inhibited by the iturin whereas P. citrinum and A. parasiticus were least sensitive to iturin A.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00436368
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The occurrence of Aspergillus flavus in vegetative tissue of cotton plants and its relation to seed infection (1986)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 95 (1986), S. 171-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Aspergillus flavus ; aflatoxin ; Gossypium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Twenty-seven mature cotton bolls with Aspergillus flavus Link colonies naturally occurring on the surface of the boll or lint were collected in the field in Arizona along with their subtending stems and peduncles. Bolls inoculated through the carpel wall 30 days after anthesis were allowed to mature in the field and were collected in the same manner. The seed and stem and peduncle sections of each boll were surface-sterilized, plated on agar media and observed for A. flavus. Seventy-eight percent of the naturally contaminated bolls with A. flavus in the seed also had the fungus in the stem and peduncle, whereas only 31% of the naturally contaminated bolls with no A. flavus in the seed had the fungus in the stem or peduncle. This difference was significant (P=0.0125), indicating a positive relationship between seed infection and stem and peduncle infection. All of the bolls inoculated through the carpel wall had A. flavus in the seed, but only 11% of the stem and peduncle sections were infected, indicating that the fungus does not readily grow downward from the boll into the supporting stem or peduncle. This unidirectional pattern of movement (upward) was further substantiated in greenhouse experiments where cotton seedlings were inoculated at the cotyledonary leaf scar with A. flavus and plants were sequentially harvested, surface sterilized and plated. Aspergillus flavus was isolated from the cotyledonary leaf scar, flower buds, developing bolls, and stem sections in the upper portion of the plant. It was never isolated from roots or stem sections below the cotyledonary node, again indicating that the fungus does not readily move downward through the plant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00437123
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aflatoxin in Arizona cottonseed: Increase in toxin formation during field drying of bolls (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 18 (1989), S. 416-420 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0703
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aflatoxin assays and moisture determinations were made on locks from bolls inoculated withAspergillus flavus 30–32 days from flower and harvested after additional periods of 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 days. Inoculated locks were always tight but had moisture contents comparable to those in non-inoculated locks on the same bolls. Lowest toxin concentrations were in seeds from bolls still green at harvest with moisture contents 〉50%; highest concentrations were in bolls with fully fluffed locks and moisture contents 〈10%. The greatest increase in toxin concentrations occurred in bolls following suture opening, at the initiation of boll dry-down. Toxin concentrations were comparable for bolls that fluffed in 11 days from inoculation and those requiring 15 days for fluffing. A boll fluffing 11 days from inoculation had the highest level of toxin detected, ca 400 μg/g. The ripening and drying processes rather than the duration of fungal/plant interactionper se seems critical for maximum toxin formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01062367
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Survey of representative species of Aspergillus for regions of DNA homology to Aspergillus nidulans developmental genes (1987)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 25 (1987), S. 476-479 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary This study surveyed five representative species of Aspergillus for regions of homology with previously cloned A. nidulans developmental genes. Areas of hybridization were found for all A. nidulans genes in the DNA of all of the Aspergillus species examined. All five species had a high level of homology with the tubC gene, but varied in degree of homology with the brlA gene and the SpoC1 gene cluster. These results suggest that DNA sequences analogous to A. nidulans developmental genes are found in other members of the genus and support the hypothesis that genetic investigations of A. nidulans could serve as model systems for genetic studies of other aspergilli.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00253322
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hybridization of genes involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis to DNA of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic aspergilli (1995)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 44 (1995), S. 439-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  Southern blots of DNA from a number of aspergilli belonging to Aspergillus section Flavi, including aflatoxin-producing and non-aflatoxigenic isolates of A. flavus and A. parasiticus, were probed with the aflatoxin pathway genes aflR and omt-1. DNA of all A. flavus, A. parasiticus and A. sojae isolates examined hybridized with both genes. None of the A. oryzae isolates examined hybridized to the aflR probe and one of the three did not hybridize to the omt-1 probe. None of the A. tamarii isolates examined hybridized to either gene. Our results suggest that some isolates in this section do not produce aflatoxin because they lack at least one of the genes necessary for biosynthesis, and that non-producing A. flavus, A. parasiticus and A. sojae strains either lack a gene we did not examine or have genes that are not being expressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530050579
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hybridization of genes involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis to DNA of aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic aspergilli (1995)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 44 (1995), S. 439-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Southern blots of DNA from a number of aspergilli belonging to Aspergillus section Flavi, including aflatoxin-producing and non-aflatoxigenic isolates of A. flavus and A. parasiticus, were probed with the aflatoxin pathway genes aflR and omt-1. DNA of all A. flavus, A. parasiticus and A. sojae isolates examined hybridized with both genes. None of the A. oryzae isolates examined hybridized to the aflR probe and one of the three did not hybridize to the omt-1 probe. None of the A. tamarii isolates examined hybridized to either gene. Our results suggest that some isolates in this section do not produce aflatoxin because they lack at least one of the genes necessary for biosynthesis, and that non-producing A. flavus, A. parasiticus and A. sojae strains either lack a gene we did not examine or have genes that are not being expressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00169941
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular and physiological aspects of aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin biosynthesis by Aspergillus tamarii and A. ochraceoroseus (2000)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 53 (2000), S. 605-609 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Until recently, only three species (Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nomius) have been widely recognized as producers of aflatoxin. In this study we examine aflatoxin production by two other species, A. tamarii and A. ochraceoroseus, the latter of which also produces sterigmatocystin. Toxin-producing strains of A. tamarii and A. ochraceoroseus were examined morphologically, and toxin production was assayed on different media at different pH levels using thin layer chromatography and a densitometer. Genomic DNA of these two species was probed with known aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin biosynthesis genes from A. flavus, A. parasiticus and A. nidulans. Under the high stringency conditions, A. tamarii DNA hybridized to all four of the A. flavus and A. parasiticus gene probes, indicating strong similarities in the biosynthetic pathway genes of these three species. The A. ochraceoroseus DNA hybridized weakly to the A. flavus and A. parasiticus verB gene probe, and to two of the three A. nidulans probes. These data indicate that, at the DNA level, the aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin biosynthetic pathway genes for A. ochraceoroseus are somewhat different from known pathway genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530051664
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Northern analysis of aflatoxin biosynthesis genes in Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus sojae (1997)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 47 (1997), S. 246-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract RNAs from three Aspergillusparasiticus and three Aspergillus sojae isolates were probed with seven genes involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Previously published work and preliminary work in this study demonstrated that these aflatoxin biosynthesis genes were present in the DNA of the isolates. RNA from aflatoxin-producing and O-methylsterigmatocystin-producing A. parasiticus strains SRRC 143 and SRRC 2043 hybridized to all of the gene probes tested. However, RNA from a strain of A. parasiticus that had lost its ability to produce aflatoxin in culture (SRRC 77) and RNA from one of the A. sojae isolates did not hybridize to any of the gene probes. Two of the A. sojae isolates hybridized to the regulatory gene aflR and the structual gene uvm8, which is believed to code for a fatty acid synthase involved in an early step in aflatoxin biosynthesis, but not to any of the other five genes of the aflatoxin pathway tested. These results suggest that most of the genes involved in aflatoxin production are transcriptionally blocked in A. parasiticus SRRC 77 and all of the A. sojae isolates. The cause of this blockage is unknown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530050921
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