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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How Alpine or Himalayan are the Central Andes? (1999)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 88 (1999), S. 175-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Keywords: Key words Andes ; Alps ; Himalayas ; Collisional orogens ; Non-collisional orogens ; Intraplate thrusting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Although non-collisional mountain belts, such as the Andes, and collisional mountain belts, such as the Alps and the Himalayas–Tibet, have been regarded as fundamentally different, the Central Andes share several features with the Himalayas–Tibet. The most important of these are extremely thickened (≥70 km) continental crustal roots supporting high plateaus and mountain fronts characterized by large basement thrusts. The main prerequisite for very thick crustal roots and extreme mountainous topography appears to be large-scale underthrusting of continental crust of normal thickness, irrespective of whether the crustal thrusts are antithetic with respect to subduction as in the Andes, or synthetic with respect to preceding subduction of oceanic lithosphere as in the Himalayas. In both cases sole thrusts near the base of the continental crust nucleated in thermally anomalous zones of the hinterland and then propagated across ramps into shallower detachments located within thick sedimentary or metasedimentary cover rocks. In contrast to the Central Andes and the Himalayas, the Alps are characterized by intracrustal detachment which allowed both the subduction of lower crust and a stacking of relatively thin upper crustal slivers, which make up a narrow mountain chain with a more subdued topography.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005310050258
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
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    Ge-on-Si photodiode with black silicon boosted responsivity (2015)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-04
    Description: Normal-incidence Ge-on-Si photodiodes with 300 nm thick intrinsic Ge absorber layer and black silicon light-trapping are fabricated and analyzed with regard to their responsivity. Compared to a standard Ge-on-Si photodiode without black silicon, the black silicon device exhibits a 3-times increased responsivity of 0.34 A/W at 1550 nm. By that, the problematic bandwidth-responsivity trade-off in ultrafast Ge-on-Si detectors can be widely overcome. The black silicon light-trapping structure can be applied to the device rear during back-end processing.
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 3
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    Maximum depositional age of the Neoproterozoic Jacobsville Sandstone, Michigan: Implications for the evolution of the Midcontinent Rift (2016)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geosphere
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-29
    Description: A crucial constraint on the evolution of the ca. 1100 Ma Midcontinent Rift (MCR) in North America comes from the Jacobsville Sandstone, Bayfield Group, and other equivalent sedimentary rocks (JBE) that overlie the volcanics and sediments deposited in the MCR basin near Lake Superior. The MCR began extending ca. 1120 Ma and failed—ceased extending—at ca. 1096 Ma, although volcanism continued for ~10 m.y. The JBE’s age is poorly constrained, with proposed ages ranging from ca. 1100 to ca. 542 Ma (i.e., youngest Precambrian). It has been proposed that the JBE were deposited shortly prior to or during the time when the MCR failed due to regional compression occurring ca. 1060 Ma as part of the Grenville orogeny (1300–980 Ma). However, the JBE are not conformable with the youngest rift-filling strata and differ compositionally from them. We present an analysis of 2050 new detrital-zircon ages showing that the JBE are younger than 959 ± 19 Ma. Thus, the JBE and the compression recorded in them that inverted the basin postdate the Grenville orogeny and are unrelated to the rift’s failure. The JBE may be significantly, perhaps ~200–300 m.y., younger than the maximum age from zircons and may have been deposited shortly after a Snowball Earth event.
    Electronic ISSN: 1553-040X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 4
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    Cenozoic evolution of the Pamir and Tien Shan mountains reflected in syntectonic deposits of the Tajik Basin (2015)
    Geological Society (of London)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-13
    Description: The NE Tajik Basin in Central Asia, compressed between the ranges of the Tien Shan in the north and the Pamir in the south, is a key region for understanding the evolution of these mountain systems. Erosion and deposition history of the NE Tajik Basin and the adjoining orogens since the late Oligocene is reflected in the sedimentary record. The sedimentary rocks of the NE Tajik Basin are composed of thick units of proximal braided river deposits. They reflect large fluvial plains extending from the margins of the Northern Pamir and the Southern Tien Shan mountains, but are not related to the established lithostratigraphic scheme. Almost all Oligocene–Pliocene synorogenic deposits of the NE Tajik Basin were derived from the northern Pamir ranges, except upper Miocene–Recent proximal deposits close to the active margin of the Tien Shan. Initial uplift in some areas of the SW Tien Shan since the Oligocene was followed by a phase of low-energy sedimentation and a predominance of the southern source area. Since the middle Miocene, erosion of the ranges has occurred with the proximal sedimentation of coarse fluvial deposits along the northern margin of the Tajik Basin.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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  • 5
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    North America's Midcontinent Rift: When rift met LIP (2015)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    In: Geosphere
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-30
    Description: Rifts are segmented linear depressions that are filled with sedimentary and igneous rocks; they form by extension and often evolve into plate boundaries. Flood basalts, a class of large igneous provinces (LIPs), are broad regions of extensive volcanism formed by sublithospheric processes. Typical rifts are not filled with flood basalts, and typical flood basalts are not associated with significant crustal extension and faulting. North America’s Midcontinent Rift (MCR) is an unusual combination, because its 3000-km length formed during a continental breakup event 1.1 Ga, but it contains an enormous volume of igneous rocks that are mostly flood basalt. We show that MCR volcanic rocks are significantly thicker than other flood basalts, due to their deposition in a narrow rift rather than across a broad region, giving the MCR a rift’s geometry but a LIP’s magma volume. Structural modeling of seismic-reflection data shows that LIP volcanics were deposited during two phases—an initial rift phase where flood basalts filled a fault-controlled extending basin and a postrift phase where LIP volcanics and sediments were deposited in a thermally subsiding sag basin without associated faulting. The crust thinned during the initial rifting phase and then rethickened during the postrift phase and later compression, yielding the present thicker crust observed seismologically. The restriction of extension to a single normal fault in each rift segment, steeply inward-dipping rift shoulders with sharp hinges, and persistence of volcanism after rifting ended gave rise to a deep flood basalt–filled rift geometry not observed in other presently active or ancient rifts. The unusual coincidence of a rift and LIP arose when a new rift associated with continental breakup interacted with a mantle plume or overrode anomalously hot or fertile upper mantle.
    Electronic ISSN: 1553-040X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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  • 6
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    Along-strike variations in thin-skinned thrusting style controlled by pre-existing basement structure in the easternmost Jura Mountains (Northern Switzerland) (2019)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉A detailed analysis of the Late Miocene Mandach Thrust, a key tectonic structure of the easternmost Jura Mountains (northern Alpine foreland), is presented providing insights into the modes of along-strike structural cover–basement interactions in a classical foreland setting. Our study builds on the construction, restoration and forward modelling of eight closely spaced cross-sections constrained by depth-migrated 2D seismics and geological maps. The results indicate predominantly thin-skinned thrust tectonics without significant inversion of underlying basement structures. However, inherited pre-thrusting normal faults exerted a strong control on the observed thrusting style, changing along-strike from a comparatively simple geometry to a complex, partly overthrust, partly reactivated normal fault. The observed variations relate to changes in the relief of the mechanical basement and the characteristics of pre-thrusting normal faults. The thrust's complexity is further increased by the local activation of secondary detachment horizons and possibly along-strike sedimentary facies changes within the thrust-faulted sedimentary sequence. The variations in thrusting style go along with subtle changes in shortening that may point towards as yet undetected transfer structures. As such, our structural analysis of the Mandach Thrust provides an improved understanding of the fault's kinematics and serves to highlight existing exploration uncertainties.〈/p〉
    Print ISSN: 0375-6440
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 7
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    Timing and spatial patterns of Cretaceous and Cenozoic inversion in the Southern Permian Basin (2018)
    Geological Society (of London)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-12
    Description: Mesozoic extensional basins of the Southern Permian Basin (SPB) System became inverted from Late Cretaceous time onwards. Following a first Cretaceous ‘Subhercynian’ pulse of contractional deformation and basin uplift, several distinct inversion events of Cenozoic age were often described. The oldest of these is the ‘Laramide’ event of Paleocene age which coincides with the termination of chalk deposition and widespread regression around the North Sea Basin, whose axial part continued to subside. The spatial extent of these effects is too wide to be compatible with inversion by folding and reverse faulting. The width of the uplifting and subsiding regions was also too large to be consistent with folding of the entire lithosphere under tangential compression. There appears to be no unequivocal evidence of discrete structures formed or reactivated in the Laramide event. By contrast, well-documented younger inversion of approximately Late Eocene to Late Oligocene–(Miocene?) age affected the region from the Celtic Sea to the western Netherlands. The associated deformation is weaker than that of the Late Cretaceous event and spatially overlaps with it only in the Southern North Sea. Structural inversion of the SPB thus comprised only two events separated in time and mostly also in space.
    Print ISSN: 0305-8719
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-4927
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society (of London)
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  • 8
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    Salt flow direction and velocity during subsalt normal faulting and syn-kinematic sedimentation—implications from analytical calculations (2017)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-20
    Print ISSN: 0956-540X
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-246X
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Royal Astronomical Society.
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  • 9
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    Control and Measurement of an Ion Source of a Pressure Insulated Van de Graaff Generator (1956)
    American Institute of Physics
    Details
    Publication Date: 1956-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0034-6748
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-7623
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics
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  • 10
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    Analogue experiments of salt flow and pillow growth due basement faulting and differential loading (2014)
    Copernicus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-17
    Description: Basement faulting is widely acknowledged as a potential trigger for salt flow and the growth of salt structures in salt-bearing extensional basins. In this study, dynamically scaled analogue experiments were designed to examine the evolution of salt pillows and the kinematics of salt flow due to a short pulse of basement faulting and a long-lasting phase of successive sedimentation. Experiments performed in the framework of this study consist of viscous silicone putty to simulate ductile rock salt, and a PVC-beads-quartz sand mixture representing a brittle supra-salt layer. In order to derive 2-D incremental displacement and strain patterns, the analogue experiments were monitored by an optical image correlation system (Particle Imaging Velocimetry). By varying layer thicknesses and extension rates, the influence of these parameters on the kinematics of salt flow were tested. Model results reveal that significant strain is triggered in the viscous layer by minor basement faulting. During basement extension downward flow occurs in the viscous layer above the basement fault tip. In contrast, upward flow takes place during post-extensional sedimentation. Lateral redistribution of the viscous material during post-extensional sedimentation is associated with subsidence above the footwall block and uplift adjacent to the basement faults leading to the formation of pillow structures (primary pillows). Decoupled cover faulting and the subsidence of peripheral sinks adjacent to the primary pillow causes the formation of additional pillow structures at large distance from the basement fault (secondary pillows). Experimental results demonstrate that the development of salt pillows can be triggered by basement extension, but requires a phase of tectonic quiescence. The potential for pillow growth and the displacement rate in the viscous layer increase with increasing thickness of the viscous layer and increasing extension rate, but decrease with increasing thickness of the overburden. The experimentally obtained structures resemble those of some natural extensional basins, e.g. the North German Basin or the Mid-Polish Trough, and can help to understand the kinematics during the structural evolution.
    Electronic ISSN: 1869-9537
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Copernicus on behalf of European Geosciences Union.
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