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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase relationships in grunerite–garnet-bearing amphibolites in the system CFMASH, with applications to metamorphic rocks from the Central Zone of the Limpopo Belt, South Africa (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of metamorphic geology 23 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: A petrogenetic grid in the model system CaO–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O is presented, illustrating the phase relationships among the minerals grunerite, hornblende, garnet, clinopyroxene, chlorite, olivine, anorthite, zoisite and aluminosilicates, with quartz and H2O in excess. The grid was calculated with the computer software thermocalc, using an upgraded version of the internally consistent thermodynamic dataset HP98 and non-ideal mixing activity models for all solid solutions. From this grid, quantitative phase diagrams (P–T pseudosections) are derived and employed to infer a P–T path for grunerite–garnet-bearing amphibolites from the Endora Klippe, part of the Venetia Klippen Complex within the Central Zone of the Limpopo Belt. Agreement between calculated and observed mineral assemblages and garnet zonation indicates that this part of the Central Zone underwent a prograde temperature and pressure increase from c. 540 °C/4.5 kbar to 650 °C/6.5 kbar, followed by a post-peak metamorphic pressure decrease. The inferred P–T path supports a geotectonic model suggesting that the area surrounding the Venetia kimberlite pipes represents the amphibolite-facies roof zone of migmatitic gneisses and granulites that occur widely within the Central Zone. In addition, the P–T path conforms to an interpretation that the Proterozoic evolution of the Central Zone was controlled by horizontal tectonics, causing stacking and differential heating at c. 2.0 Ga.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.2005.00554.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    P–T evolution of glaucophane–omphacite bearing HP–LT rocks in the western Tianshan Orogen, NW China:new evidence for ‘Alpine-type’ tectonics (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 20 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The late Palaeozoic western Tianshan high-pressure /low-temperature belt extends for about 200 km along the south-central Tianshan suture zone and is composed mainly of blueschist, eclogite and epidote amphibolite/greenschist facies rocks. P–T conditions of mafic garnet omphacite and garnet–omphacite blueschist, which are interlayered with eclogite, were investigated in order to establish an exhumation path for these high-pressure rocks. Maximum pressure conditions are represented by the assemblage garnet–omphacite–paragonite–phengite–glaucophane–quartz–rutile. Estimated maximum pressures range between 18 and 21 kbar at temperatures between 490 and 570 °C. Decompression caused the destabilization of omphacite, garnet and glaucophane to albite, Ca-amphibole and chlorite. The post-eclogite facies metamorphic conditions between 9 and 14 kbar at 480–570 °C suggest an almost isothermal decompression from eclogite to epidote–amphibolite facies conditions. Prograde growth zoning and mineral inclusions in garnet as well as post-eclogite facies conditions are evidence for a clockwise P–T path. Analysis of phase diagrams constrains the P–T path to more or less isothermal cooling which is well corroborated by the results of geothermobarometry and mineral textures. This implies that the high-pressure rocks from the western Tianshan Orogen formed in a tectonic regime similar to ‘Alpine-type’ tectonics. This contradicts previous models which favour ‘Franciscan-type’ tectonics for the southern Tianshan high-pressure rocks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1314.2002.00347.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaction textures and fluid behaviour in very high pressure calc-silicate rocks of the Münchberg gneiss complex, Bavaria, Germany (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of metamorphic geology 12 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Calc-silicate rocks occur as elliptical bands and boudins intimately interlayered with eclogites and high-pressure gneisses in the Münchberg gneiss complex of NE Bavaria. Core assemblages of the boudins consist of grossular-rich garnet, diopside, quartz, zoisite, clinozoisite, calcite, rutile and titanite. The polygonal granoblastic texture commonly displays mineral relics and reaction textures such as post kinematic grossular-rich garnet coronas. Reactions between these mineral phases have been modelled in the CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-CO2-H2O system with an internally consistent thermodynamic data base. High-pressure metamorphism in the calc-silicate rocks has been estimated at a minimum pressure of 31 kbar at a temperature of 630d̀ C with XH2, O ≥ 0.03. Small volumes of a CO2-N2-rich fluid whose composition was buffered on a local scale were present at peak-metamorphic conditions. The P-T conditions for the onset of the amphibolite facies overprint are about 10 kbar at the same temperature. XCo2 of the H2O-rich fluid phase is regarded to have been 〈0.03 during amphibolite facies conditions. These P-T estimates are interpreted as representing different stages of recrystallization during isothermal decompression. The presence of multiple generations of mineral phases and the preservation of very high-pressure relics in single thin sections preclude pervasive post-peak metamorphic fluid flow as a cause of a re-equilibration within the calc-silicates. The preservation of eclogite facies, very high-pressure relics as well as amphibolite facies reactions textures in the presence of a fluid phase is in agreement with fast, tectonically driven unroofing of these rocks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1994.tb00056.x
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  • 4
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    Electronic Resource
    Pro- and retrograde P–T evolution of granulites of the Beit Bridge Complex (Limpopo Belt, South Africa): constraints from quantitative phase diagrams and geotectonic implications (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    Journal of metamorphic geology 22 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1525-1314
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Interpretations based on quantitative phase diagrams in the system CaO–Na2O–K2O–TiO2–MnO–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O indicate that mineral assemblages, zonations and microstructures observed in migmatitic rocks from the Beit Bridge Complex (Messina area, Limpopo Belt) formed along a clockwise P–T path. That path displays a prograde P–T increase from 600 °C/7.0 kbar to 780 °C/9–10 kbar (pressure peak) and 820 °C/8 kbar (thermal peak), followed by a P–T decrease to 600 °C/4 kbar. The data used to construct the P–T path were derived from three samples of migmatitic gneiss from a restricted area, each of which has a distinct bulk composition: (1) a K, Al-rich garnet–biotite–cordierite–sillimanite–K-feldspar–plagioclase–quartz–graphite gneiss (2) a K-poor, Al-rich garnet–biotite–staurolite–cordierite–kyanite–sillimanite–plagioclase–quartz–rutile gneiss, and (3) a K, Al-poor, Fe-rich garnet–orthopyroxene–biotite–chlorite–plagioclase–quartz–rutile–ilmenite gneiss. Preservation of continuous prograde garnet growth zonation demonstrates that the pro- and retrograde P–T evolution of the gneisses must have been rapid, occurring during a single orogenic cycle. These petrological findings in combination with existing geochronological and structural data show that granulite facies metamorphism of the Beit Bridge metasedimentary rocks resulted from an orogenic event during the Palaeoproterozoic (c. 2.0 Ga), caused by oblique collision between the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe Cratons. Abbreviations follow Kretz (1983).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.2004.00501.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluid inclusion studies of hydrothermally altered archaean granites around the Witwatersrand Basin (1989)
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 40 (1989), S. 39-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Hydrothermal veränderte granitische Gesteine kommen am nördlichen und nordwest-lichen Rand von dem vor, was man klassisch als “Witwatersrand-Becken” bezeichnet. Während dieser hydrothermalen Umwandlung wurden Pyrit, Kupferkies, Zinkblende, Molybdänglanz, Bleiglanz, Wurtzit und andere Sulfide abgesetzt, ebenso Uran- und SEE-reiche Knollen aus kohliger Substanz und Freigold. Erhitzungs- und Ausfrierdaten von sekundären Fluideinschlüssen in Gesteinsquarz, ebenso wie von primären Fluideinschlüssen in Gangquarz und Karbonat weisen darauf hin, daß zwei Hauptgruppen von wäßrigen Fluideinschlüssen existieren. Der Bereich der finalen Schmelztemperaturen der ersten Gruppe liegt zwischen 0 °C und −9 °C, was einer Salinität zwischen 0 und 13 äquiv. Gew.-% NaCl entspricht. Homogenisierung erfolgte bei Temperaturen zwischen 130 °C und 230 °C. Die zweite Gruppe von Einschlüssen hat im allgemeinen finale Schmelztemperaturen zwischen −14 °C und −26 °C, mit Salinitäten, die sich zwischen 12 und 30 äquiv. Gew.-% NaCl bewegen. Die Homogenisierungstemperaturen variieren von 120 °C bis ungefähr 170 °C. Die niedrigen initialen Schmelztemperaturen von −60 °C bis −35 °C und SEM-EDX-Analysen von Inkrustationen, die sich nach der Verdunstung der Flüssigkeit in geöffneten Einschlüssen bilden, weisen auf Ca, Cl und S als weitere Bestandteile. Gelegentliches Clathratschmelzen in beiden Typen von Fluiden zeigt die Anwesenheit von CO2, CH, und einigen anderen Clathratbildnern. Die niedrigsalinaren Fluide werden als von meteorischem, Seewasser oder metamorphem Ursprung gedeutet, während die hochsalinaren Fluide als “con.nate brines” oder sehr gereifte Formationswässer angesehen werden.
    Notes: Summary Hydrothermally altered granitic rocks occur along the northern and northwestern edge of what is classically termed the “Witwatersrand Basin”. Pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, molybdenite, galena, wurtzite and other sulphides were deposited during this hydrothermal alteration, as were uranium and REE-rich nodules of carbonaceous matter and free gold. Heating and freezing data from secondary fluid inclusions in igneous quartz as well as primary fluid inclusions in vein quartz and carbonate indicate that two main groups of aqueous fluid inclusions exist. The first group has a range of final melting temperatures from 0 °C to −9 °C, corresponding to salinities between 0 and 13 equivalent wt.% NaCl. Homogenization occurred at temperatures between 130 °C and 230 °C. The second group of inclusions generally have final melting temperatures between −14 °C and −26 °C, with salinities ranging between 12 and 30 equivalent wt.% NaCl. Homogenization temperatures range from 120 °C to about 170 °C. The low initial melting temperatures of -60°C to −35°C and SEM-EDX analyses of encrustations formed after evaporation of fluid in opened inclusions indicate as additional components Ca, Cl and S. Rare clathrate melting in both types of fluids indicate the presence of CO2, CH4 or some other clathrate compound. The low salinity fluids are interpreted to be of a meteoric, seawater or metamorphic origin, whereas the highly saline fluids are thought to be connate brines or highly evolved formation waters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01162468
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of fluids causing post-depositional hydrothermal alteration in Archaean basement granitoids and the Witwatersrand Basin (1999)
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 66 (1999), S. 111-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Einige archaische Granitoide, die am nordwestlichen und westlichen Rand des Witwatersrand Beckens vorkommen, zeigen zwei Arten von hydrothermaler Überprägung. Beide Arten, pervasiv und gangförmig, sind mit einer Sulfidmineralisation und Thorium-, Uran-, Gold-, und SEE-reichen Knollen aus kohliger Substanz assoziiert. Alle Granitoide, die sich durch diese spezielle hydrothermale Überprägung auszeichnen, besitzen sekundäre moderat- bis hochsalinare, Ca-reiche Fluideinschlüsse mit niedrigen Homogenisierungstemperaturen in magmatischen und hydrothermalen Quarzen. Diese Fluide werden als modifizierte Beckenwässer gedeutet. Ähnliche Ca-reiche Fluideinschlüsse wurden in authigenen und hydrothermalen Quarzen in goldführenden, hydrothermal veränderten Sedimenten des Witwatersrand Beckens beobachtet, obwohl die Salinitäten der wässrigen Fluide in den Granitoiden noch höher sind. Die moderate bis hohe Salinität und die derzeitige Zusammensetzung der Einschlußfluide wird als eine Konsequenz aus der Fluid-Gesteinswechselwirkung, die während des Transportes im Becken stattfand, und der nachfolgenden Metamorphose angesehen. Vorläufige Altersdaten von den hydrothermal gebildeten Mineralen weisen auf mehrere hydrothermale Ereignisse während einer Zeitspanne zwischen 2.7 und 2.0 Ga hin. Während dieser Zeitspanne kam es durch Beckenentwässerung zu wiederholten Fluidschüben aus dem Becken in die Granitoide aufgrund lokaler tektonischer Ereignisse. Diese Daten deuten an, daß ein großer Teil der hydrothermalen Überprägung sowohl der Granitoide als auch der goldführenden Sedimente durch Formationswässer aus dem Witwatersrand Becken gebildet worden ist.
    Notes: Summary Some Archaean granitoids occurring along the north-western and western edge of what is classically known as the Witwatersrand Basin have been hydrothermally altered in two different styles. Both styles - pervasive and vein-controlled alteration - are characterised by sulphide mineralisation as well as by thorium-, uranium-, gold- and REE-rich nodules of carbonaceous material (fly-speck carbon). All of the granitoids displaying these characteristic alteration styles are associated with secondary moderate-to high-salinity, Ca-rich fluid inclusions with low homogenisation temperatures in magmatic quartz and quartz veins. C-isotopes of the fly-speck carbon and the fluid composition of the associated fluid inclusions are typical of modified basin brines. Similar types of Ca-rich fluid inclusions were found in authigenic quartz and hydrothermal quartz veins from gold-bearing, hydrothermally altered sediments of the Witwatersrand Basin, although the salinities of the fluids in the basement granitiods are somewhat higher. The moderate- to high salinity of this inclusion fluid and its present composition is considered to be the result of modifications by fluid-rock interaction during transport and subsequent metamorphism within the Witwatersrand Basin. Available age data on the hydrothermally derived minerals in these granitoids range between 2.7 and 2.0 Ga indicating several fluid pulses, with fluids repeatedly expelled during the dewatering of the Witwatersrand Basin. These data are consistent with the conclusion that major parts of the alteration are the result of sediment dewatering which affected both the granitoids and the gold-bearing strata within the Witwatersrand Basin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01161724
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The geology and geochronology of the Annandagstoppane granite, Western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica (1987)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 97 (1987), S. 488-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The Annandagstoppane Granite is exposed at three nunataks in Western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. It comprises medium- to coarse-grained granite crosscut by veins of pegmatite and graphic granite and has many S-type characteristics such as containing normative corundum greater than 1.1%, molecular Al2O3/(CaO+K2O+Na2O) greater than 1.1 and very little zircon. Hydrothermal alteration in the Granite is variably developed and has affected only certain minerals in any phase. R-Sr and Pb whole rock and mineral isotopic data suggest: 1) that Sr isotopes within it were nearly homogenized on a whole rock scale about 2823 Ma ago by this hydrothermal alteration; 2) that the Pb isotopic system was also disturbed at that time, and 3) that the Granite may have been was emplaced sometime during the interval 3115 Ma to 2945 Ma ago. The Granite was probably intruded by the Annandagstoppane Gabbro about 1200 Ma ago, resetting the Rb-Sr system in biotite. The Annandagstoppane Granite may form part of a basement complex to the Proterozoic sedimentary, volcanic and mafic igneous rocks exposed to the east in the Ahlmannryggen and the Borgmassivet. Its chemical composition and geologic history appears to be unique in Antarctica and in the Kaapvaal Craton of Southern Africa, consistent with the possibility that the Annandagstoppane Granite is part of a crustal fragment that joined Antarctica relatively late in the history of that continent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00375326
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mineralogy and geochemistry of the hydrothermally altered archaean granodioritic rocks of the ventersdorp dome, Western Transvaal, South Africa (1988)
    Springer
    Mineralogy and petrology 38 (1988), S. 151-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Archaische Granodiorite des Ventersdorp Domes sind durch zwei Typen hydrothermaler Verdnderung, Epidotisierung und Kalifeldspatisierung überprägt worden. Die Veránderung tritt sowohl durchdringend als auch auf Adern auf. Massenvergleichsberechnungen ergaben, daß während der Epidotisierung CaO, Fe2O3, Sr und Y angereichert und Na2O, K2O, MgO, Pb und Ba abgeführt worden sind. Während der kombinierten Epidotisierung und Kalifeldspatisierung treten eine Zufuhr von SiO2, Fe2O3, CaO, K2O, Ba, Sr und Rb auf. A12O3 und Nb verhielten sich während beider Verdnderungen immobil. Die hydrothermale Veränderung wurde von einer Verminderung des Ca-Gehaltes der Plagioklase begleitet (An11 zu An1).
    Notes: Summary Archaean granodioritic rocks from the Ventersdorp Dome have been hydrothermally altered in two stages: epidotization and K-feldspatization. The alteration locally is both pervasive or occurs along veins. Mass balance calculations reveal CaO, Fe2O3, Sr and Y addition and loss of Na2O,K2O, MgO, Pb and Ba during epidotization. The combined epidotization and K-feldspatization involved a gain in SiO2, Fe2O3, CaO, K2O, Ba, Sr and Rb. A12O3 and Nb were immobile during both alteration stages. The alteration is accompanied by a change in the An-content of the plagioclase (An11 to An1).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01164698
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  • 9
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    Electronic Resource
    Phase relationships and fluid inclusions characteristics of the metamorphosed, stratiform sulfide deposit Matchless, Namibia (1990)
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 79 (1990), S. 433-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Silicate assemblages in the wallrocks of the metamorphosed, stratiform sulfide deposit Matchless, Damara orogen, Namibia, yield temperatures between 550 and 625 °C and pressure of 6–8 kbar. Highest density fluid inclusions, containing either pure CO2 or CO2-CH4/N2 mixtures, display isochors which extrapolate through these metamorphic peak conditions. A second group of inclusions with the same fluid compositions exhibit isochors conforming to lower pressures, i.e. 3 kbar as deduced from sphalerite barometer, at the same temperatures. From these observations, we deduce an isothermal uplift path after peak of amphibolite facies metamorphism.
    Abstract: Résumé Le dépôt de sulfure stratiforme métamorphique de Matchless (orogenèse Damara, Namibie) sont encaissés dans des roches dont les paragenèses silicatées indiquent des températures comprises entre 550° et 625° et des pressions de 6 à 8 Kb. Des inclusions fluides, très denses, contenant soit du CO2 pur, soit des mélanges CO2 + CH4/N2 fournissent des isochores qui traversent ce champ (P, T). Les isochores d'un deuxième groupe d'inclusions de mêmes compositions donnent, pour les mêmes températures, des pressions plus basses, de l'ordre de 3 Kb, déduites du baromètre à blende. On en déduit un soulèvement isothermique de la région après le pic du métamorphisme, qui s'est produit dans les conditions du faciès des amphibolites.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Silikatparagenesen im Nebengestein der metamorphen, schichtgebundenen Kupferlagerstätte Matchless, Damara-Orogen, Namibia, ergeben Temperaturen zwischen 550 und 625 °C und Drucke von 6–8 kbar beim Höhepunkt der Me-tamorphose. Fluideinschlüsse hoher Dichte, die mit CO2 oder mit CO2+CH4/N2 gefüllt sind, besitzen Isochoren, die durch diese P-T-Kombination verlaufen. Eine zweite Gruppe von Fluideinschlüssen mit der gleichen Zusammensetzung entspricht niedrigeren Druckbedingungen von etwa 3 kbar, wie sie sich aus dem Zinkblende-Barometer ableiten lassen, jedoch bei unveränderter Temperatur. Daraus läßt sich auf eine isotherme Heraushebung nach dem Höhepunkt der Metamorphose schließen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830637
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  • 10
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    Electronic Resource
    High-density CO2−N2 inclusions in eclogite-facies metasediments of the Münchberg gneiss complex, SE Germany (1992)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 111 (1992), S. 409-419 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The eclogite-facies metasedimentary rocks in the Münchberg gneiss complex (T=630±30° C/P≥17–24 kbar) locally contain CO2−N2-rich fluid inclusions of extremely low molar volumes (32 cm3/mol) in quartz. These fluid compositions are mainly found in rocks intercalated with calcsilicate bands. Densities were determined from low-temperature phase transitions like stable or metastable homogenization (L+V→L), partial homogenization (S+L+V→S+L) and the transition S+L→L (L = liquid, V = vapour, S = solid). The high fluid densities are in agreement with eclogite-facies pressure and temperature and subsequent amphibolite facies. CO2−N2 inclusions were not observed in adjacent eclogites nor in non-calcareous metasediments. These rock types contain predominantly H2O-rich inclusions correlating with amphibolite-facies conditions. The variation of fluid composition with lithological differences indicates local fluid gradients and speaks against a pervasive fluid flow during eclogite-facies metamorphism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00311200
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