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  • 1
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    Assimilation of GOES-derived solar insolation into a mesoscale model for studies of cloud shading effects (1995)
    Taylor & Francis
    Details
    Publication Date: 1995-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0143-1161
    Electronic ISSN: 1366-5901
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Published by Taylor & Francis
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 2
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    Variation objective analyses for cyclone studies (1985)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The objectives were to: (1) develop an objective analysis technique that will maximize the information content of data available from diverse sources, with particular emphasis on the incorporation of observations from satellites with those from more traditional immersion techniques; and (2) to develop a diagnosis of the state of the synoptic scale atmosphere on a much finer scale over a much broader region than is presently possible to permit studies of the interactions and energy transfers between global, synoptic and regional scale atmospheric processes. The variational objective analysis model consists of the two horizontal momentum equations, the hydrostatic equation, and the integrated continuity equation for a dry hydrostatic atmosphere. Preliminary tests of the model with the SESMAE I data set are underway for 12 GMT 10 April 1979. At this stage of purpose of the analysis is not the diagnosis of atmospheric structures but rather the validation of the model. Model runs for rawinsonde data and with the precision modulus weights set to force most of the adjustment of the wind field to the mass field have produced 90 to 95 percent reductions in the imbalance of the initial data after only 4-cycles through the Euler-Lagrange equations. Sensitivity tests for linear stability of the 11 Euler-Lagrange equations that make up the VASP Model 1 indicate that there will be a lower limit to the scales of motion that can be resolved by this method. Linear stability criteria are violated where there is large horizontal wind shear near the upper tropospheric jet.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-85 Atmospheric Processes Research Review; 4 p
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 3
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    On the measurement of precipitation frequencies by passive microwave radiometery (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Over most of the microwave spectrum, raindrops both absorb and scatter radiation producing large changes in brightness temperatures relative to clear or cloudy conditions. Since the structure of rain varies substantially for different rain rates and climatological backgrounds, the raindrop size distribution, the rain layer thickness and the ice clouds above the rain layer are all important inputs to the model computations. The subsequent modeling involves applying the Mie theory to derive the absorption and scattering effects and the radiative transfer calculation is based upon a variational iterative approach which takes account of the multiple scattering effect of the rain layer. Results over both ocean and land backgrounds are demonstrated. It is also demonstrated that by using discrimination tests of the radiometric data, the rain/no rain decision can be made and the rainfall rate can be retrieved from a statistical inversion technique.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 3 p
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 4
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    Microwave radiometry and hybrid precipitation measurements (1981)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It was necessary to identify the most promising measurement techniques and strategies and to understand those candidate systems in detail. The emphasis was on passive microwave remote-sensing techniques. A brief background in passive microwave and hybrid techniques for measuring precipitation, key problem areas and strategies for dealing with those problems, a precipitation measurement system, and specific recommendations are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Precipitation Meas. from Space:; 11 p
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 5
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    Variational objective analyses for cyclone studies (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The basic analysis equations, i.e., the two horizontal momentum equations, the hydrostatic equation, and the integrated continuity equation were derived for the nonlinear vertical coordinate, nondimensionalized, and expressed in finite differences on a staggered grid. Special care was taken to transform the hydrostatic equation and the pressure gradient terms of the horizontal momentum equations to nearly eliminate truncation error over steeply sloping terrain. This formulation also eliminated explicit reference to orographically induced variations in the thermodynamic variables so that the variational adjustments are on the scale of the meteorological perturbations. The analysis equations were subjected to the Euler-Lagrange operations as expressed for finite differences and an additional set of five partial differential equations was derived, bringing to nine the number of equations in Model I. Higher order terms, terms containing observed quantities, and terms containing none of the variables to be adjusted were grouped into forcing functions and the equations were solved for the zero order terms. Zero order variables were eliminated between these equations and there resulted two diagnostic equations which take the form of general linear second order partial differential equations with nonconstant coefficients.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center NASA(MSFC FY-84 Atmospheric Processes Res. Rev.; p 35-36
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 6
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    A variational assimilation method for satellite and conventional data: Development of basic model for diagnosis of cyclone systems (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A three-dimensional diagnostic model for the assimilation of satellite and conventional meteorological data is developed with the variational method of undetermined multipliers. Gridded fields of data from different type, quality, location, and measurement source are weighted according to measurement accuracy and merged using least squares criteria so that the two nonlinear horizontal momentum equations, the hydrostatic equation, and an integrated continuity equation are satisfied. The model is used to compare multivariate variational objective analyses with and without satellite data with initial analyses and the observations through criteria that were determined by the dynamical constraints, the observations, and pattern recognition. It is also shown that the diagnoses of local tendencies of the horizontal velocity components are in good comparison with the observed patterns and tendencies calculated with unadjusted data. In addition, it is found that the day-night difference in TOVS biases are statistically different (95% confidence) at most levels. Also developed is a hybrid nonlinear sigma vertical coordinate that eliminates hydrostatic truncation error in the middle and upper troposphere and reduces truncation error in the lower troposphere. Finally, it is found that the technique used to grid the initial data causes boundary effects to intrude into the interior of the analysis a distance equal to the average separation between observations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-3981 , NAS 1.26:3981
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 7
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    On the potential use of satellite sounder data in forecasting tropical cyclone motion (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Although many prediction schemes are available, tropical cyclone track forecast errors are still unacceptably large. A primary difficulty is that tropical cyclones and their environments are poorly observed by conventional data networks. Satellite sounders, however, routinely provide numerous observations near these storms. Mean layer temperatures from the Scanning Microwave Spectrometer (SCAMS) on board the Nimbus-6 satellite are decomposed using empirical orthogonal functions, and the expansion coefficients are related to deviations from persistence track forecasts. Based on multiple correlation coefficients it appears that upper-level (250-100 mb) temperatures contain significant information about the right-angle error of the persistence forecast location. Temperatures from the 1000-500 mb layer seemed to contain little forecast information. Implications of these results for further work are offered.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 112; 1977-198
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 8
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    Seasonal oceanic precipitation frequencies from Nimbus 5 microwave data (1977)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Microwave brightness temperature data from the Nimbus 5 satellite have been analyzed by using threshold brightness temperatures to yield tropical oceanic precipitation frequencies for several classes of rainfall rates during the season December 1972 through February 1973. Data taken near local noon and near local midnight were analyzed. The overall results are consistent with both climatological precipitation frequency and with concurrent satellite-derived frequency of highly reflective clouds. The difference between the local noon and the local midnight frequency is small, but the heavier rainfall rates tend to occur more frequently near local noon. The ratios of the frequencies of light, moderate, and heavy rain were observed to be relatively constant over the tropical oceans. Passive microwave measurements from space seem to be an important step toward accurate measurement of oceanic precipitation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 82; May 20
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 9
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    Tropical oceanic precipitation frequency from Nimbus 5 microwave data (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Microwave brightness temperature data from the Nimbus 5 satellite are analyzed, using threshold brightness temperatures, to yield tropical oceanic precipitation frequencies for several classes of rainfall rates during the season December 1972 through February 1973. Data taken near local noon and near local midnight are analyzed. The overall results are consistent with both climatological precipitation frequency and with concurrent satellite-derived frequency of highly reflective clouds. The difference between the local noon and local midnight frequencies is small, but the heavier rainfall rates tend to occur more frequently near local noon. The ratios of the frequencies of light, moderate, and heavy rain were observed to be relatively constant over the tropical oceans. Passive microwave measurements from space seem to be an important step toward accurate measurement of oceanic precipitation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-148191 , CSU-ATSP-248
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 10
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    Forecasting tropical cyclone turning motion from surrounding wind and temperature fields (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 108; June 198
    Format: text
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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