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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition of in situ boron-doped polycrystalline silicon-germanium films on silicon dioxide for complimentary-metal-oxide-semiconductor applications (1997)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 71 (1997), S. 3388-3390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: In situ boron-doped polycrystalline Si1−xGex (x〉0.4) films have been formed on the thermally grown oxides in a rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition processor using SiH4-GeH4-B2H6-H2 gas system. Our results showed that in situ boron-doped Si1−xGex films can be directly deposited on the oxide surface, in contrast to the rapid thermal deposition of undoped silicon-germanium (Si1−xGex) films on oxides which is a partially selective process and requires a thin silicon film pre-deposition to form a continuous film. For the in situ boron-doped Si1−xGex films, we observed that with the increase of the germane percentage in the gas source, the Ge content and the deposition rate of the film are increased, while its resistivity is decreased down to 0.66 mΩ cm for a Ge content of 73%. Capacitance-voltage characteristics of p-type metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors with p+-Si1−xGex gates showed negligible polydepletion effect for a 75 Å gate oxide, indicating that a high doping level of boron at the poly-Si1−xGex/oxide interface was achieved. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.120344
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition of thin silicon oxide films using silane and nitrous oxide (1992)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 60 (1992), S. 3063-3065 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Thin (80–200 A(ring)) silicon dioxide (SiO2) films have been deposited by low pressure rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition (RTCVD), using silane (SiH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) as the reactive gases for the first time. A deposition rate of 55 A(ring)/min has been achieved at 800 °C with a SiH4/N2O flow rate ratio of 2%. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and Rutherford back scattering spectroscopy (RBS) have shown a uniform and stoichiometric composition throughout the deposited oxide films. Electrical characterization of the films have shown an average catastrophic breakdown field of 13 MV/cm and a midgap interface trap density (Dit) of equal to or less than 5×1010 eV−1 cm−2. The results suggest that the deposited RTCVD SiO2 films using SiH4-N2O gas system may have the potential to be used as the gate dielectric in future low-temperature metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) device processes for ultralarge scale integration (ULSI).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.106757
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of the refractive index of thin SiO2 films using tunneling current oscillations and ellipsometry (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 68 (1996), S. 266-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We use Fowler–Nordheim tunneling current oscillations to accurately determine the thicknesses of ultrathin SiO2 films, and with the thicknesses as input, we employ precision single wavelength ellipsometry to determine the real part of the refractive index for thin SiO2 films in the range of 4–6 nm. An average value for this refractive index was found to be 1.894±0.110. This value is shown to yield SiO2 thicknesses to an accuracy of ±0.1 nm. A SiO2 thickness-refractive index interpolation formula for the thin film regime is given. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.115658
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thickness and effective electron mass measurements for thin silicon dioxide films using tunneling current oscillations (1995)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 67 (1995), S. 1031-1033 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A novel method is presented for measuring the thicknesses of thin (〈60 A(ring)) silicon dioxide (SiO2) films using the oscillations in the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling currents. An important feature of the proposed method is that the accuracy of this method increases with decreasing oxide thickness and thicknesses changes of ∼1 A(ring) can be detected. The oscillations are also used for measuring the average effective electron mass in the conduction band of SiO2. © 1995 American Institute of Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.114720
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic differentiation of European grayling populations across the Main, Danube and Elbe drainages in Bavaria (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of fish biology 58 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1095-8649
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Analysis of mitochondrial (ND-1/3/4 genes) and nuclear (GH-1 gene, four microsatellite loci) DNA markers of European grayling Thymallus thymallus populations identified strong genetic differentiation between the Rhine/Main, Elbe and Danube drainages in Bavaria, as a result of both present processes and past history. The Danube and the Main-Elbe group diverged about five times earlier than the populations of Main and Elbe. These data suggest that exchange and transfer of grayling stocking material between these drainages should be avoided, to maintain the genetic diversity and integrity of populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2001.tb00513.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Non-equilibrium dynamics of simple spherical spin models (2000)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 13 (2000), S. 531-537 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Keywords: PACS. 05.20.-y Classical statistical mechanics - 75.10.Nr Spin-glass and other random models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract: We investigate the non-equilibrium dynamics of spherical spin models with two-spin interactions. For the exactly solvable models of the d-dimensional spherical ferromagnet and the spherical Sherrington-Kirkpatrick (SK) model the asymptotic dynamics has for large times and large waiting times the same formal structure. In the limit of large waiting times we find in both models an intermediate time scale, scaling as a power of the waiting time with an exponent smaller than one, and thus separating the time-translation-invariant short-time dynamics from the aging regime. It is this time scale on which the fluctuation-dissipation theorem is violated. Aging in these models is similar to that observed in spin glasses at the level of correlation functions, but different at the level of response functions, and thus different at the level of experimentally accessible quantities like thermoremanent magnetization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100510050065
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nonlinear neural networks. I. General theory (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 50 (1988), S. 231-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Neural networks ; spin glasses ; learning rules ; clipped and other nonlinear synapses ; synaptic kernel ; spectral theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A neural network is called nonlinear if the introduction of new data into the synaptic efficacies has to be performed through anonlinear operation. The original Hopfield model is linear, whereas, for instance, clipped synapses constitute a nonlinear model. Here a general theory is presented to obtain the statistical mechanics of a neural network with finitely many patterns and arbitrary (symmetric) nonlinearity. The problem is reduced to minimizing a free energy functional over all solutions of a fixed-point equation with synaptic kernelQ. The case of clipped synapses with bimodal and Gaussian probability distribution is analyzed in detail. To this end, a simple theory is developed that gives the spectrum ofQ and thereby all the solutions that bifurcate from the high-temperature phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01022994
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hebbian learning reconsidered: Representation of static and dynamic objects in associative neural nets (1989)
    Springer
    Biological cybernetics 60 (1989), S. 457-467 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0770
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Computer Science , Physics
    Notes: Abstract According to Hebb's postulate for learning, information presented to a neural net during a learning session is stored in the synaptic efficacies. Long-term potentiation occurs only if the postsynaptic neuron becomes active in a time window set up by the presynaptic one. We carefully interpret and mathematically implement the Hebb rule so as to handle both stationary and dynamic objects such as single patterns and cycles. Since the natural dynamics contains a rather broad distribution of delays, the key idea is to incorporate these delays in the learning session. As theory and numerical simulation show, the resulting procedure is surprisingly robust and faithful. It also turns out that pure Hebbian learning is by selection: the network produces synaptic representations that are selected according to their resonance with the input percepts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00204701
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fabianit = CaB3O5(OH), ein neues Mineral (1962)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 49 (1962), S. 230-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00628001
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Martingale approach to neural networks with hierarchically structured information (1988)
    Springer
    The European physical journal 71 (1988), S. 261-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-6036
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A modified version of a model with hierarchically structured information, originally proposed by Parga and Virasoro, is studied in the context of martingale theory. The number of generations is allowed to be arbitrary but fixed. In the calculation of the storage capacity both the patterns and all their ancestors have to be taken into account as retrieval states. Due to the martingale property, the free energy greatly simplifies and for the retrieval states is shown to reduce to the one of the Hopfield model. So the storage capacity and retrieval quality of both models are identical. Numerical stimulations confirm the theoretical predictions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01312798
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