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Evolution of mammalian diving capacity traced by myoglobin net surface charge (2013)

S. Mirceta ; A. V. Signore ; J. M. Burns ; [et al.]

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

In: Science. 340(6138): 1234192. doi: 10.1126/science.1234192.

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Publication Date: 2013-06-15

Description: Extended breath-hold endurance enables the exploitation of the aquatic niche by numerous mammalian lineages and is accomplished by elevated body oxygen stores and adaptations that promote their economical use. However, little is known regarding the molecular and evolutionary underpinnings of the high muscle myoglobin concentration phenotype of divers. We used ancestral sequence reconstruction to trace the evolution of this oxygen-storing protein across a 130-species mammalian phylogeny and reveal an adaptive molecular signature of elevated myoglobin net surface charge in diving species that is mechanistically linked with maximal myoglobin concentration. This observation provides insights into the tempo and routes to enhanced dive capacity evolution within the ancestors of each major mammalian aquatic lineage and infers amphibious ancestries of echidnas, moles, hyraxes, and elephants, offering a fresh perspective on the evolution of this iconic respiratory pigment.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mirceta, Scott -- Signore, Anthony V -- Burns, Jennifer M -- Cossins, Andrew R -- Campbell, Kevin L -- Berenbrink, Michael -- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Jun 14;340(6138):1234192. doi: 10.1126/science.1234192.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23766330" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉

Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Diving ; Evolution, Molecular ; Mammals/*genetics/*physiology ; Models, Biological ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Muscle, Skeletal/chemistry ; Myoglobin/analysis/*chemistry/*classification ; Phylogeny

Print ISSN: 0036-8075

Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203

Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics

Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)

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Wood properties and ring width responses to long-term atmospheric CO2 enrichment in field-grown loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) (1999)

TELEWSKI, F. W. ; SWANSON, R. T. ; STRAIN, B. R. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Plant, cell & environment 22 (1999), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-3040

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) were grown in the field, under non-limiting nutrient conditions, in open-top chambers for 4 years at ambient CO2 partial pressures (pCO2) and with a CO2-enriched atmosphere (+ 30 Pa pCO2 compared to ambient concentration). A third replicate of trees were grown without chambers at ambient pCO2. Wood anatomy, wood density and tree ring width were analysed using stem wood samples. No significant differences were observed in the cell wall to cell lumen ratio within the latewood of the third growth ring formed in 1994. No significant differences were observed in the density of resin canals or in the ratio of resin canal cross-sectional area to xylem area within the same growth ring. Ring widths were significantly wider in the CO2-enrichment treatment for 3 of 4 years compared to the ambient chamber control treatment. Latewood in the 1995 growth ring was significantly wider than that in the ambient control and represented a larger percentage of the total growth-ring width. Carbon dioxide enrichment also significantly increased the total wood specific gravity (determined by displacement). However, when determined as total sample wood density by X-ray densitometry, the density of enriched samples was not significantly higher than that of the ambient chamber controls. Only the 1993 growth ring of enriched trees had a significantly higher maximum latewood density than that of trees grown on non-chambered plots or ambient chambered controls. No significant differences were observed in the minimum earlywood density of individual growth rings between chambered treatments. These results show that the most significant effect of CO2 enrichment on wood production in loblolly pine is its influence on radial growth, measured as annual tree ring widths. This influence is most pronounced in the first year of growth and decreases with age.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00392.x

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Automatic sorting of zooplankton by isopycnic sedimentation in gradients of silica: Performance of a “Rho Spectrometer” (1977)

Price, C. A. ; St. Onge-Burns, J. M. ; Colton, J. B. ; [et al.]

Springer

Marine biology 42 (1977), S. 225-231

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ISSN: 1432-1793

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract A system is described for the automatic sorting of zooplankton by isopycnic sedimentation at one gravity in density gradients of the silica sol Ludox AM containing 1% w/v sodium trimetaphosphate or 1% w/v dextran sulfate. The apparatus, called a “Rho Spectrometer”, consists of a 15.6–1 cylinder, a moveable piston for displacing the gradient from the top, and an ejector tube for collecting successive layers of the gradient. A gradient generator suitable for up to 30 Rho Spectrometers is also described. In a typical separation, 100 ml or so of preserved zooplankton are layered over a 13–1 gradient, which is 0 to 45% v/v in Ludox AM. Following an overnight period of sedimentation and equilibration, fish eggs are recovered from the top of the gradient, invertebrates from the central part of the gradient, and fish larvae from the bottom of the gradient. In many cases 90% of the fish larvae are separated from 95% of the invertebrates. Rho spectrometry should facilitate the analysis of large numbers of plankton samples through a substantial decrease in the amount of manual sorting required. However, in its present state of development, it is not suitable for all plankton samples; the zone of herring larvae, for example, is strongly overlapped by a number of invertebrates. In addition, samples heavily contaminated with Phaeocystis spp. or hydroids fail to sediment freely.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00397746

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Movements and diving behavior of weaned Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii ) pups (1999)

Burns, J. M. ; Castellini, M. A. ; Testa, J. W.

Springer

Polar biology 21 (1999), S. 23-36

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ISSN: 1432-2056

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Between 1993 and 1995, the diving behavior and movement patterns of 23 weaned Weddell seal pups (Leptonychotes weddellii) were tracked in the Ross Sea. Antarctica, using satellite-linked time-depth recorders. Regression analyses revealed that for seals of between 8 and 27 weeks old, age was poorly correlated with the dive depth, duration, or frequency. However, changes in dive parameters suggested that Weddell seal pups were attempting to maximize dive time, but the manner in which this was done depended on age and time of day. Movement patterns indicated that most Weddell seal pups left their natal area by the end of February, and traveled north along the Antarctic continent coastline. Several individuals returned to McMurdo Sound, but others were last located more than 400 km from McMurdo. Routes followed suggest that pups can use the pack ice habitat, but prefer to remain closer to the coastline than do adults.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050329

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The diet of Weddell seals in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica as determined from scat collections and stable isotope analysis (1998)

Burns, J. M. ; Trumble, S. J. ; Castellini, M. A. ; [et al.]

Springer

Polar biology 19 (1998), S. 272-282

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ISSN: 1432-2056

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract The diet of adult and juvenile Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, was determined from both scat and stable isotope analyses, to ascertain if foraging behavior varied with age, season, or diving pattern. Scats were collected over 6 years and recovered hard parts identified. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values were determined for seal blood samples and potential prey items and used to identify primary prey species and assess trophic interactions. Pleuragramma antarcticum remains were recovered from between 70 and 100% of the scats, and there was little evidence for inter-annual or age-specific variation in foraging behavior. However, stable isotope and dive data analyses indicated that while most seals foraged predominantly on pelagic fish and squid, some juveniles concentrated on shallow benthic Trematomus spp. Combining these three methods permitted firm conclusions about diet and foraging behavior to be drawn.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050245

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Physiological and behavioral determinants of the aerobic dive limit in Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii ) Pups (1996)

Burns, J. M. ; Castellini, M. A.

Springer

Journal of comparative physiology 166 (1996), S. 473-483

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ISSN: 1432-136X

Keywords: Key words Aerobic dive limit ; Weddell seal ; Diving physiology ; Development ; Lactate

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Notes: Abstract The aerobic dive limit, as defined by an increase in plasma lactate levels following dives, has to date only been determined in adult and juvenile Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii). However, theoretical aerobic dive limits based on calculated total body oxygen stores, estimated metabolic rates, and dive duration frequencies have been published for several species. Using data collected over the past 3 years in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, the aerobic dive limit of Weddell seal pups was determined by both the physiological and modeling methods. Time-depth diving recorders deployed on 36 pups between 2 and 14 weeks of age allowed the aerobic dive limit to be predicted from duration–frequency histograms. The aerobic dive limit was also calculated from estimates of total body oxygen stores and predicted diving metabolic rates. Finally, these two estimates were compared with aerobic dive limits determined from post-dive lactate levels in three pups between 5 and 7 weeks old. The aerobic dive limit of pups increased with age, but pup aerobic dive limits were still significantly shorter than those of yearlings and adults. In addition, the aerobic dive limits determined by the three methods were not equivalent for pups, yearlings, or adults, and indicate that care should be taken when modeling methods are used to estimate the aerobic dive limit in other species. Changes in hematocrit, plasma glucose, and plasma lactate levels during and between rest, diving, and recovery in pups were compared to known values for juveniles and adults. Plasma metabolite levels were more highly regulated in older pups, and together with the increasing aerobic dive limit, suggest that Weddell seal pups are not refined divers until after they are weaned, and that their diving ability continues to develop over several years.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003600050035

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Physiological and behavioral determinants of the aerobic dive limit in Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) Pups (1996)

Burns, J. M. ; Castellini, M. A.

Springer

Journal of comparative physiology 166 (1996), S. 473-483

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ISSN: 1432-136X

Keywords: Aerobic dive limit ; Weddell seal ; Diving physiology ; Development ; Lactate

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Medicine

Notes: Abstract The aerobic dive limit, as defined by an increase in plasma lactate levels following dives, has to date only been determined in adult and juvenile Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii). However, theoretical aerobic dive limits based on calculated total body oxygen stores, estimated metabolic rates, and dive duration frequencies have been published for several species. Using data collected over the past 3 years in McMurdo Sound. Antarctica, the aerobic dive limit of Weddell seal pups was determined by both the physiological and modeling methods. Time-depth diving recorders deployed on 36 pups between 2 and 14 weeks of age allowed the aerobic dive limit to be predicted from duration-frequency histograms. The aerobic dive limit was also calculated from estimates of total body oxygen stores and predicted diving metabolic rates. Finally, these two estimates were compared with aerobic dive limits determined from post-dive lactate levels in three pups between 5 and 7 weeks old. The aerobic dive limits of pups increased with age, but pup aerobic dive limits were still significantly shorter than those of yearlings and adults. In addition, the aerobic dive limits determined by the three methods were not equivalent for pups, yearlings, or adults, and indicate that care should be taken when modeling methods are used to estimate the aerobic dive limit in other species. Changes in hematocrit, plasma glucose, and plasma lactate levels during and between rest, diving, and recovery in pups were compared to known values for juveniles and adults. Plasma metabolite levels were more highly regulated in older pups, and together with the increasing aerobic dive limit, suggest that Weddell seal pups are not refined divers until after they are weaned, and that their diving ability continues to develop over several years.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02338290

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