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  • 1
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    Climate response to orbital forcing across the Oligocene-Miocene boundary (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-17
    Description: Spectral analyses of an uninterrupted 5.5-million-year (My)-long chronology of late Oligocene-early Miocene climate and ocean carbon chemistry from two deep-sea cores recovered in the western equatorial Atlantic reveal variance concentrated at all Milankovitch frequencies. Exceptional spectral power in climate is recorded at the 406-thousand-year (ky) period eccentricity band over a 3.4-million-year period [20 to 23.4 My ago (Ma)] as well as in the 125- and 95-ky bands over a 1.3-million-year period (21.7 to 23.0 Ma) of suspected low greenhouse gas levels. Moreover, a major transient glaciation at the epoch boundary ( approximately 23 Ma), Mi-1, corresponds with a rare orbital congruence involving obliquity and eccentricity. The anomaly, which consists of low-amplitude variance in obliquity (a node) and a minimum in eccentricity, results in an extended period ( approximately 200 ky) of low seasonality orbits favorable to ice-sheet expansion on Antarctica.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zachos, J C -- Shackleton, N J -- Revenaugh, J S -- Palike, H -- Flower, B P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 13;292(5515):274-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Earth Sciences Department, Center for Dynamics and Evolution of the Land-Sea Interface, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. jzachos@es.ucsc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11303100" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antarctic Regions ; Atlantic Ocean ; Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide ; Carbon Isotopes/*analysis ; *Climate ; Eukaryota ; Geologic Sediments ; Ice ; Oxygen Isotopes/*analysis ; Plankton ; Spectrum Analysis ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    An early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics (2008)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-01-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zachos, James C -- Dickens, Gerald R -- Zeebe, Richard E -- England -- Nature. 2008 Jan 17;451(7176):279-83. doi: 10.1038/nature06588.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA. jzachos@es.ucsc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18202643" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere/chemistry ; Carbon/analysis/*metabolism ; Carbon Dioxide/analysis/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; *Greenhouse Effect ; History, 21st Century ; History, Ancient ; Human Activities ; Models, Theoretical ; Oceans and Seas ; Temperature ; Time Factors
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Early Palaeogene temperature evolution of the southwest Pacific Ocean (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-10-09
    Description: Relative to the present day, meridional temperature gradients in the Early Eocene age ( approximately 56-53 Myr ago) were unusually low, with slightly warmer equatorial regions but with much warmer subtropical Arctic and mid-latitude climates. By the end of the Eocene epoch ( approximately 34 Myr ago), the first major Antarctic ice sheets had appeared, suggesting that major cooling had taken place. Yet the global transition into this icehouse climate remains poorly constrained, as only a few temperature records are available portraying the Cenozoic climatic evolution of the high southern latitudes. Here we present a uniquely continuous and chronostratigraphically well-calibrated TEX(86) record of sea surface temperature (SST) from an ocean sediment core in the East Tasman Plateau (palaeolatitude approximately 65 degrees S). We show that southwest Pacific SSTs rose above present-day tropical values (to approximately 34 degrees C) during the Early Eocene age ( approximately 53 Myr ago) and had gradually decreased to about 21 degrees C by the early Late Eocene age ( approximately 36 Myr ago). Our results imply that there was almost no latitudinal SST gradient between subequatorial and subpolar regions during the Early Eocene age (55-50 Myr ago). Thereafter, the latitudinal gradient markedly increased. In theory, if Eocene cooling was largely driven by a decrease in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration, additional processes are required to explain the relative stability of tropical SSTs given that there was more significant cooling at higher latitudes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bijl, Peter K -- Schouten, Stefan -- Sluijs, Appy -- Reichart, Gert-Jan -- Zachos, James C -- Brinkhuis, Henk -- England -- Nature. 2009 Oct 8;461(7265):776-9. doi: 10.1038/nature08399.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Palaeoecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Palaeobotany and Palynology, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4, 3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands. p.k.bijl@uu.nl〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19812670" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antarctic Regions ; Biological Evolution ; Climate ; Geologic Sediments/analysis/chemistry ; History, Ancient ; Ice Cover ; Oxygen Isotopes ; Pacific Ocean ; Plankton/metabolism ; Seawater/*analysis ; *Temperature ; Water Movements
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Oceans. Carbon emissions and acidification (2008)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-07-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zeebe, Richard E -- Zachos, James C -- Caldeira, Ken -- Tyrrell, Toby -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2008 Jul 4;321(5885):51-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1159124.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA. zeebe@soest.hawaii.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18599765" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthozoa/*physiology ; Calcification, Physiologic ; Calcium Carbonate/analysis ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/physiology ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Oceans and Seas ; Plankton/physiology ; Public Policy ; Seawater/*chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    The geological record of ocean acidification (2012)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-03
    Description: Ocean acidification may have severe consequences for marine ecosystems; however, assessing its future impact is difficult because laboratory experiments and field observations are limited by their reduced ecologic complexity and sample period, respectively. In contrast, the geological record contains long-term evidence for a variety of global environmental perturbations, including ocean acidification plus their associated biotic responses. We review events exhibiting evidence for elevated atmospheric CO(2), global warming, and ocean acidification over the past ~300 million years of Earth's history, some with contemporaneous extinction or evolutionary turnover among marine calcifiers. Although similarities exist, no past event perfectly parallels future projections in terms of disrupting the balance of ocean carbonate chemistry-a consequence of the unprecedented rapidity of CO(2) release currently taking place.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Honisch, Barbel -- Ridgwell, Andy -- Schmidt, Daniela N -- Thomas, Ellen -- Gibbs, Samantha J -- Sluijs, Appy -- Zeebe, Richard -- Kump, Lee -- Martindale, Rowan C -- Greene, Sarah E -- Kiessling, Wolfgang -- Ries, Justin -- Zachos, James C -- Royer, Dana L -- Barker, Stephen -- Marchitto, Thomas M Jr -- Moyer, Ryan -- Pelejero, Carles -- Ziveri, Patrizia -- Foster, Gavin L -- Williams, Branwen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Mar 2;335(6072):1058-63. doi: 10.1126/science.1208277.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA. hoenisch@ldeo.columbia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22383840" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; *Aquatic Organisms ; Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide ; Carbonates/analysis ; *Ecosystem ; Extinction, Biological ; Forecasting ; Fossils ; *Geological Phenomena ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Oceans and Seas ; Seawater/*chemistry
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Organic carbon fluxes and ecological recovery from the cretaceous-tertiary mass extinction (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1998-10-09
    Description: Differences between the carbon isotopic values of carbonates secreted by planktic and benthic organisms did not recover to stable preextinction levels for more than 3 million years after the Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction. These decreased differences may have resulted from a smaller proportion of marine biological production sinking to deep water in the postextinction ocean. Under this hypothesis, marine production may have recovered shortly after the mass extinction, but the structure of the open-ocean ecosystem did not fully recover for more than 3 million years.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉D'Hondt -- Donaghay -- Zachos -- Luttenberg -- Lindinger -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Oct 9;282(5387):276-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉S. D'Hondt, P. Donaghay, D. Luttenberg, Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA. J. C. Zachos, Earth Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. M. Lind.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9765149" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 7
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    A transient rise in tropical sea surface temperature during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (2003)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2003-10-25
    Description: The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) has been attributed to a rapid rise in greenhouse gas levels. If so, warming should have occurred at all latitudes, although amplified toward the poles. Existing records reveal an increase in high-latitude sea surface temperatures (SSTs) (8 degrees to 10 degrees C) and in bottom water temperatures (4 degrees to 5 degrees C). To date, however, the character of the tropical SST response during this event remains unconstrained. Here we address this deficiency by using paired oxygen isotope and minor element (magnesium/calcium) ratios of planktonic foraminifera from a tropical Pacific core to estimate changes in SST. Using mixed-layer foraminifera, we found that the combined proxies imply a 4 degrees to 5 degrees C rise in Pacific SST during the PETM. These results would necessitate a rise in atmospheric pCO2 to levels three to four times as high as those estimated for the late Paleocene.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zachos, James C -- Wara, Michael W -- Bohaty, Steven -- Delaney, Margaret L -- Petrizzo, Maria Rose -- Brill, Amanda -- Bralower, Timothy J -- Premoli-Silva, Isabella -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2003 Nov 28;302(5650):1551-4. Epub 2003 Oct 23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Earth and Ocean Sciences Departments, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. jzachos@es.ucsc.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14576441" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Marked decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations during the Paleogene (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-06-18
    Description: The relation between the partial pressure of atmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO2) and Paleogene climate is poorly resolved. We used stable carbon isotopic values of di-unsaturated alkenones extracted from deep sea cores to reconstruct pCO2 from the middle Eocene to the late Oligocene (approximately 45 to 25 million years ago). Our results demonstrate that pCO2 ranged between 1000 to 1500 parts per million by volume in the middle to late Eocene, then decreased in several steps during the Oligocene, and reached modern levels by the latest Oligocene. The fall in pCO2 likely allowed for a critical expansion of ice sheets on Antarctica and promoted conditions that forced the onset of terrestrial C4 photosynthesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pagani, Mark -- Zachos, James C -- Freeman, Katherine H -- Tipple, Brett -- Bohaty, Stephen -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jul 22;309(5734):600-3. Epub 2005 Jun 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15961630" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Atmosphere ; Carbon Dioxide/*analysis/metabolism ; Carbon Isotopes/analysis ; *Climate ; Ecosystem ; Eukaryota/cytology/growth & development/metabolism ; Ice ; *Photosynthesis ; Phytoplankton/cytology/growth & development/metabolism ; Plant Development ; Plants/metabolism ; Poaceae/growth & development/metabolism ; Time
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (2005)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-06-11
    Description: The Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) has been attributed to the rapid release of approximately 2000 x 10(9) metric tons of carbon in the form of methane. In theory, oxidation and ocean absorption of this carbon should have lowered deep-sea pH, thereby triggering a rapid (〈10,000-year) shoaling of the calcite compensation depth (CCD), followed by gradual recovery. Here we present geochemical data from five new South Atlantic deep-sea sections that constrain the timing and extent of massive sea-floor carbonate dissolution coincident with the PETM. The sections, from between 2.7 and 4.8 kilometers water depth, are marked by a prominent clay layer, the character of which indicates that the CCD shoaled rapidly (〈10,000 years) by more than 2 kilometers and recovered gradually (〉100,000 years). These findings indicate that a large mass of carbon (〉〉2000 x 10(9) metric tons of carbon) dissolved in the ocean at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary and that permanent sequestration of this carbon occurred through silicate weathering feedback.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zachos, James C -- Rohl, Ursula -- Schellenberg, Stephen A -- Sluijs, Appy -- Hodell, David A -- Kelly, Daniel C -- Thomas, Ellen -- Nicolo, Micah -- Raffi, Isabella -- Lourens, Lucas J -- McCarren, Heather -- Kroon, Dick -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2005 Jun 10;308(5728):1611-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Earth Sciences Department, Earth and Marine Sciences Building, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA. jzachos@emerald.uscs.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15947184" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 10
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    Atmosphere. An ancient carbon mystery (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-13
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pagani, Mark -- Caldeira, Ken -- Archer, David -- Zachos, James C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Dec 8;314(5805):1556-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. mark.pagani@yale.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158314" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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