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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using the triple test cross to investigate the genetics of behavior in wild populations. II. Escape-avoidance conditioning inRattus norvegicus (1983)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 13 (1983), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: triple test cross ; biometrical genetics ; wild populations ; rats ; escape-avoidance conditioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The detailed results of a triple test cross using wild rats crossed to partially inbred sublines of the Roman High and Low Avoidance selection strains clearly indicated considerable amounts of additive genetic variation in the wild population for avoidance performance while there is a general absence of nonadditive variation, with the exception of some dominance variation together with duplicate type epistasis. Where present, directional dominance for this phenotype is toward high performance only for later trials, and the effects of any epistasis reinforce this trend. The overall conformity of these results to the predictions from previous laboratory rat studies suggests no reason to reject the representativeness assumption necessary for arguments from genetic architecture in laboratory populations to adaptive significance in contemporary wild populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01071740
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The analysis of parental ratings of children's behavior using LISREL (1992)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 22 (1992), S. 293-317 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: LISREL ; children's behavior ; parental ratings ; twins ; heritability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A common procedure for assessing children's behavior is to obtain parental ratings of the child. Since the ratings obtained are a function of both parent and child, disentangling the child's phenotype from that of the rater becomes an important methodological problem. For the analysis of genetic and environmental contributions to children's behavior, solutions to this are available when multiple raters, e.g., two parents, rate multiple children, e.g., twins. This paper describes and illustrates simple LISREL models for the analysis of parental ratings of children's behavior. We show how the assumption that mothers and fathers are rating the same behavior in children can be contrasted with the weaker alternative that parents are rating correlated behaviors. Given the stronger assumption, which appears adequate for ratings of children's internalizing behavior problems, the contribution of rater bias and unreliability may be separated from the shared and nonshared environmental components of variation in a behavior genetic analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066663
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Testing hypotheses about direction of causation using cross-sectional family data (1993)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 23 (1993), S. 29-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Twins ; reciprocal causation ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract We review the conditions under which cross-sectional family data (e.g., data on twin pairs or adoptees and their adoptive and biological relatives) are informative about direction of causation. When two correlated traits have rather different modes of inheritance (e.g., family resemblance is determined largely by family background for one trait and by genetic factors for the other trait), cross-sectional family data will allow tests of strong unidirectional causal hypotheses (A and B are correlated “because of the causal influence of A on B” versus “because of the causal influence of B on A”) and, under some conditions, also of the hypothesis of reciprocal causation. Possible sources of errors of inference are considered. Power analyses are reported which suggest that multiple indicator variables will be needed to ensure adequate power of rejecting false models in the presence of realistic levels of measurement error. These methods may prove useful in cases where conventional methods to establish causality, by intervention, by prospective study, or by measurement of instrumental variables, are infeasible economically, ethically or practically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01067552
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Resolving causes of developmental continuity or “tracking.” I. Longitudinal twin studies during growth (1988)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 18 (1988), S. 133-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: genes ; environment ; development ; growth ; twins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Models of developmental continuity and change in quantitative phenotypes may be tested using longitudinal data from twins. We illustrate a procedure for establishing the power and required sample sizes for detecting developmental transmission against an alternative common-factor hypothesis. We explore the general effects of different heritabilities, different fidelities of environmental and genetic developmental transmission, and varying numbers of occasions of measurement. In addition, a constraint of wide application is postulated for the action of the environment; either environmental effects are transmitted (learned) and occasion specific or they exert a constant influence which is not transmitted (learned). While the situations we examine are necessarily restricted here, our explorations of power show that, providing that we measure on at least four occasions, it is easy to detect developmental transmission with workable sample sizes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01067836
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetics of escape-avoidance conditioning in laboratory and wild populations of rats: A biometrical approach (1981)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 11 (1981), S. 533-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: biometrical genetics ; genetic architecture ; evolution ; rat ; wild population ; escape-avoidance conditioning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The interest of biometrical geneticists in the genetic architecture of behavior is explained with reference to the additive, dominance, and epistatic components of variation and their relation to evolutionary pressures. For one phenotype, escape-avoidance conditioning inRattus norvegicus, a fairly complete description of its genetic architecture has been gradually built and the major conclusions from four studies of this phenotype are reported: a selection study initially demonstrated the presence of large amounts of additive genetic variation and produced phenotypically extreme lines needed for later work; a diallel cross provided the opportunity for detailed examination of the dominance effects; a triple test cross permitted a similar examination of epistatic effects; and finally, another triple test cross using wild rats provided a confirmatory first attempt to test the assumption that a wild population's genetic architecture did not differ markedly from that found in laboratory populations. In relating the genetic findings to the evolutionary significance of behaviors in the escape-avoidance paradigm, it is argued that interspecific comparisons might play a major role.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01070008
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using the triple test cross to investigate the genetics of behavior in wild populations. III. Activity and reactivity (1984)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 14 (1984), S. 125-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: triple test cross ; wild populations ; rats ; activity ; reactivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A wild x laboratory rat triple test-cross study of open-field defecation, open-field ambulation, and a measure of rearing-up activity in a non-stressful environment revealed three different patterns of results. For open-field defecation, where the tester lines were expected to be inadequate to detect nonadditive variation, only putative additive effects were detected and a minimum broad heritability of 20% in the wild population was revealed. For open-field ambulation an architecture including ambidirectional dominance was in line with laboratory rat studies, while for rearing behavior epistatic effects were indicated. The implications of these results for domestication and for past and future evolution are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01076409
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The genetic architecture of hyponeophagia and the action of diazepam in rats (1985)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 15 (1985), S. 265-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: hyponeophagia ; diazepam ; rats ; biometrical genetics ; psychopharmacogenetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Rats of 18 genotypes derived from the Roman selected strains were tested for inhibition of feeding due to novelty (hyponeophagia) in the absence or presence of 1 mg/kg diazepam. The resulting data from three behavioral indices were subjected to the Hayman [(1954). Biometrics10:235–244], variance/covariance, Mendelian cross, and single-test cross analyses. Additive genetic variation, directional dominance for high neophobia, and some nonallelic interaction were detected. The genetic architecture of the separate behavioral indices, and its modification in the drugged subjects, was discussed in relation to evolutionary adaptation and the anxiolytic and appetite-enhancing actions of the drug.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065982
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A note on computing the chi-square noncentrality parameter for power analyses (1988)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 18 (1988), S. 105-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: power calculation ; noncentral chi-square
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Power calculations for a variety of research designs used in behavior genetics require the determination of a chi-square noncentrality parameter. For many purposes published tables are adequate, but for cases where they are not we provide a graph for approximating the required parameters for up to 300 degrees of freedom and illustrate a straightforward procedure for accurate determination using a widely available SAS function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01067079
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Testing structural equation models for twin data using LISREL (1989)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 19 (1989), S. 9-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: twin data analysis ; LISREL ; structural modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Simple genetic models can be fitted to twin data using software packages such as LISREL (Jöreskog and Sörbom, 1986a). After discussion of data preparation and routine checks on possible violation of assumptions of the twin method, we illustrate univariate, bivariate, and multivariate genetic models which can be tested in cross-sectional twin data using LISREL. These include models for cohort or cohabitation effects, genotype x sex interaction, and certain types of genotype x environment interaction and genotype-environment correlation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065881
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fitting genetic models with LISREL: Hypothesis testing (1989)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 19 (1989), S. 37-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: structural modeling ; LISREL ; maximum likelihood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A brief introduction to the mathematical theory involved in model fitting is provided. The properties of maximum-likelihood estimates are described, and their advantages in fitting structural models are given. Identification of models is considered. Standard errors of parameter estimates are compared with the use of likelihood-ratio (L-R) statistics. For structural modeling, L-R tests are invariant to parameter transformation and give robust tests of significance. Some guidelines for fitting models to data collected from twins are given, with discussion of the relative merits of parsimony and data description.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01065882
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