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  • 1
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    Electrodeposited CulnSe2 Thin Film Junctions (1998)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-23
    Description: We have investigated thin films and junctions based on copper indium diselenide (CIS) which have been grown by electrochemical deposition. CIS is a leading candidate for use in polycrystalline thin film photovoltaic solar cells. Electrodeposition is a cost-effective method for producing thin-film CIS. We have produced both p and n type CIS thin films from the same aqueous solution by simply varying the deposition potential. A CIS pn junction was deposited using a step-function potential. Stoichiometry of the single layer films was determined by energy dispersive spectroscopy. Carrier densities of these films increased with deviation from stoichiometry, as determined by the capacitance versus voltage dependence of Schottky contacts. Optical bandgaps for the single layer films as determined by transmission spectroscopy were also found to increase with deviation from stoichiometry. Rectifying current versus voltage characteristics were demonstrated for the Schottky barriers and for the pn junction.
    Keywords: Electronics and Electrical Engineering
    Type: Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings: Chemical Aspects of Electronic Ceramics Processing; Volume 495; 383-388
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  • 2
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    Characterization of Ba2YCu3O(7-x) prepared in an inert atmosphere (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Reaction data, X-ray data, and critical temperature measurements have been used to show that superconducting Ba2YCu3O(7-x) can be produced in an inert atmosphere using BaO2 as the barium source. Weight loss data are presented for samples produced in O2 and N2. The use of BaO2 is found to result in decreased levels of intergrain BaCO3. The necessity for total inert atmosphere handling and tighter control of the carbon content of starting materials is pointed out. It is shown that materials made with BaO2 and handled in inert atmospheres can be used to improve the J sub c of melt processed materials.
    Keywords: SOLID-STATE PHYSICS
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  • 3
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    Atmospheric Pressure Spray Chemical Vapor Deposited CuInS2 Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications (2002)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: Solar cells have been prepared using atmospheric pressure spray chemical vapor deposited CuInS2 absorbers. The CuInS2 films were deposited at 390 C using the single source precursor (PPh3)2CuIn(SEt)4 in an argon atmosphere. The absorber ranges in thickness from 0.75 - 1.0 micrometers, and exhibits a crystallographic gradient, with the leading edge having a (220) preferred orientation and the trailing edge having a (112) orientation. Schottky diodes prepared by thermal evaporation of aluminum contacts on to the CuInS2 yielded diodes for films that were annealed at 600 C. Solar cells were prepared using annealed films and had the (top down) composition of Al/ZnO/CdS/CuInS2/Mo/Glass. The Jsc, Voc, FF and (eta) were 6.46 mA per square centimeter, 307 mV, 24% and 0.35%, respectively for the best small area cells under simulated AM0 illumination.
    Keywords: Spacecraft Propulsion and Power
    Type: 17th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology Conference; 84-90; NASA/CP-2002-211831
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  • 4
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    A Review of Single Source Precursors for the Deposition of Ternary Chalcopyrite Materials (2002)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-31
    Description: The development of thin-film solar cells on flexible, lightweight, space-qualified durable substrates (i.e. Kapton) provides an attractive solution to fabricating solar arrays with high specific power, (W/kg). The syntheses and thermal modulation of ternary single source precursors, based on the [{LR}2Cu(SR')2In(SR')2] architecture in good yields are described. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) and Low temperature Differential Scanning Caloriometry, (DSC) demonstrate that controlled manipulation of the steric and electronic properties of either the group five-donor and/or chalcogenide moiety permits directed adjustment of the thermal stability and physical properties of the precursors. TGA-Evolved Gas Analysis, confirms that single precursors decompose by the initial extrusion of the sulphide moiety, followed by the loss of the neutral donor group, (L) to release the ternary chalcopyrite matrix. X-ray diffraction studies, EDS and SEM on the non-volatile pyrolized material demonstrate that these derivatives afford single-phase CuInS2/CuInSe2 materials at low temperature. Thin-film fabrication studies demonstrate that these single source precursors can be used in a spray chemical vapor deposition process, for depositing CuInS2 onto flexible polymer substrates at temperatures less than 400 C.
    Keywords: Chemistry and Materials (General)
    Type: 17th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology Conference; 115-125; NASA/CP-2002-211831
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  • 5
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    Recent Progress in CuInS2 Thin-Film Solar Cell Research at NASA Glenn (2005)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-06
    Description: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is interested in developing low-cost highly efficient solar cells on light-weight flexible substrates, which will ultimately lower the mass-specific power (W/kg) of the cell allowing extra payload for missions in space as well as cost reduction. In addition, thin film cells are anticipated to have greater resistance to radiation damage in space, prolonging their lifetime. The flexibility of the substrate has the added benefit of enabling roll-to-roll processing. The first major thin film solar cell was the "CdS solar cell" - a heterojunction between p-type CuxS and n-type CdS. The research on CdS cells started in the late 1950s and the efficiency in the laboratory was up to about 10 % in the 1980s. Today, three different thin film materials are leading the field. They include amorphous Si, CdTe, and Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS). The best thin film solar cell efficiency of 19.2 % was recently set by CIGS on glass. Typical module efficiencies, however, remain below 15 %.
    Keywords: Solid-State Physics
    Type: 18th Space Photovoltaic Research and Technology Conference; 285-289; NASA/CP-2005-213431
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  • 6
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    Improved synthesis of ceramic superconductors with alkaline earth peroxides - Synthesis and processing of Ba2YCu3O(7-x) (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Synthesis processes for the preparation of ceramic conductors Ba2YCu3O(7-x) from BaO2 or BaCO3 in flowing O2 or N2 are described, and the characteristics of the materials produced in these processes are compared. Results of EDAX, XRD, SEM, and dc resistivity analyses demonstrated that superconducting materials made from BaO2 were more homogeneous, denser, and more metallic than materials produced from BaCO3, because of the higher reactivity of BaO2. Potential applications of this processes are discussed.
    Keywords: SOLID-STATE PHYSICS
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  • 7
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    Interaction of Au, Ag, and Bi ions with Ba2YCu3O(7-y) - Implications for superconductor applications (1988)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Results are presented on the reactions of Au, Ag, and Bi ions with Ba2YCu3O(7-y) oxides and on the properties of the resultant materials. The results indicate that Au(3+) structural chemistry makes gold an excellent candidate for multiphase structures of the Ba2Y(Cu/1-x/Au/x/)3O(7-y)-type substituted superconductors. Silver is structurally and chemically compatible with the perovskite structure, but when it forms a second phase, it does so without the destruction of the superconducting phase, making silver a useful metal for metal/ceramic applications. On the other hand, bismuth was shown to degrade Tc phase or to form other phases, indicating that it may not be useful in applications with rare-earth-based superconductors.
    Keywords: SOLID-STATE PHYSICS
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  • 8
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    Properties of Pb(1-x)Bi(x)/Ba2YCu3O(x) composites - Reaction of Ba2YCu3O(x) with Pb and Bi (1989)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: This paper describes experiments conducted with a purpose of fabricating superconducting composites from Pb, Bi, and Ba2YCu3O(x), together the results of SEM examinations and energy dispersive spectroscopy performed on products. Results showed a limited utility of Pb and Pb(1-x)Bi(x) as matrices for ceramic superconductors. It was found that cold pressing followed by sintering at 200 C resulted in a composite which excluded flux below 90 K but did not show zero electrical resistance until the metal superconducting transition. Processing at 400 or 950 C resulted in oxygen depleted perovskite and/or metal oxides; these materials displayed greatly degraded superconducting properties. Finally, processing at 800 C resulted in high Tc only for composites containing more than 90 wt pct ceramic.
    Keywords: SOLID-STATE PHYSICS
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  • 9
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    Subtle porosity variation in the YBa2Cu3O(7-x) high-temperature superconductor revealed by ultrasonic imaging (1990)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The characterization of global porosity variation within a nominally 93-percent-dense specimen of YBa2Cu3O(7-x) high-temperature superconductor is reported. With a computer-controlled scanning system, precision ultrasonic velocity measurements were obtained at 100 micron increments over an 8- by 8-mm area of the YBa2Cu3O(7-x) specimen. The measurements were used to form a color map of velocity variation across the scanned region of the specimen. Subtle velocity variation on the order of 1 percent was observed. The specimen was shown by experimental methods to be single-phase, untextured, and free of nonuniform residual microstresses. From this knowledge and an established velocity-density relationship, a likely conclusion is that the observed velocity variations are solely due to porosity variations of similar magnitude. Locating these subtle porosity variations is critical since they can result in an order of magnitude variation in J(sub c) for dense YBCO specimens. Thus, mapping the global porosity distribution within YBa2Cu3O(7-x) may reveal regions that have poorer superconducting properties. Ultrasonic velocity results are translated into useful microstructural information for the material scientist.
    Keywords: QUALITY ASSURANCE AND RELIABILITY
    Type: NASA-TM-102130 , E-4917 , NAS 1.15:102130
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  • 10
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    In-Situ Resource Utilization for Space Exploration: Resource Processing, Mission-Enabling Technologies, and Lessons for Sustainability on Earth and Beyond (2014)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: As humanity begins to reach out into the solar system, it has become apparent that supporting a human or robotic presence in transit and/or on station requires significant expendable resources including consumables (to support people), fuel, and convenient reliable power. Transporting all necessary expendables is inefficient, inconvenient, costly, and, in the final analysis, a complicating factor for mission planners and a significant source of potential failure modes. Over the past twenty-five years, beginning with the Space Exploration Initiative, researchers at the NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC), academic collaborators, and industrial partners have analyzed, researched, and developed successful solutions for the challenges posed by surviving and even thriving in the resource limited environment(s) presented by near-Earth space and non-terrestrial surface operations. In this retrospective paper, we highlight the efforts of the co-authors in resource simulation and utilization, materials processing and consumable(s) production, power systems and analysis, fuel storage and handling, propulsion systems, and mission operations. As we move forward in our quest to explore space using a resource-optimized approach, it is worthwhile to consider lessons learned relative to efficient utilization of the (comparatively) abundant natural resources and improving the sustainability (and environment) for life on Earth. We reconsider Lunar (and briefly Martian) resource utilization for potential colonization, and discuss next steps moving away from Earth.
    Keywords: Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics; Spacecraft Propulsion and Power; Spacecraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: E-662716 , AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference; Jul 28, 2014 - Jul 30, 2014; Cleveland, OH; United States
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