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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zoomorphology 90 (1978), S. 227-251 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Bei der Untersuchung von Speziationsprozessen anGyratrix hermaphroditus wurden 16 Populationen aus 15 stehenden Kleingewässern Südniedersachsens erfaßt. 2. Die Populationen treten mit zwei unterschiedlichen phänologischen Gruppen auf. Eurytherme Formen haben polyvoltine Zyklen, die sich von April bis Oktober, teilweise auch über die Wintermonate erstrecken. Die Dormanz ist fakultativ. Univoltine Zyklen von Februar oder März bis Mai oder Juni treten bei psychrophilen Populationen auf. Die Diapause dieser Formen ist obligatorisch. 3. Morphologisch unterscheiden sich kleine, mittelgroße und große Formen signifikant in der Form und Größe der Eikapseln und der männlichen kutikularen Kopulationsorgane. Der Chromosomensatz einer mittelgroßen Population ist mit 2n=8,n=4 tetraploid. Die Chromosomenzahl aller anderen Populationen liegt bei 2n=4,n=2. 4. Fortpflanzungsisolation konnte zwischen fünf Populationen nachgewiesen werden. Bei zwei weiteren Populationen ist der Status ungeklärt. Danach repräsentiertGyratrix hermaphroditus einen Artkomplex mit mindestens fünf Zwillingsarten. Sie leben teilweise in direkt benachbarten Gewässern, in einem Fall sympatrisch in ein und demselben Lebensraum. 5. Als Ursachen der Speziation werden ökogeographische Differenzierung, Autopolyploidie und chromosomale Mutation vermutet. Primäre, vor der Paarung eingreifende Isolationsmechanismen wurden mit einem Sexualstoff nachgewiesen, der bei allen Populationen unterschiedlich ist. 6. Da der Nachweis weiterer Zwillingsarten aus dem Meer-, Brack- und Süßwasser wahrscheinlich ist, wird zunächst auf systematische Konsequenzen verzichtet. Der Artkomplex wird vorläufig unter dem NamenGyratrix hermaphroditus weitergeführt.
    Notes: Summary 1. Studying speciation processes ofGyratrix hermaphroditus 16 populations from 15 little ponds in Lower Saxonia were examined. 2. Basically two types of life-cycles are recognized in populations ofGyratrix. Polyvoltine cycles from April to October and sometimes over the winter months occurred in eurytherm populations. Dormance periods are facultative. The life-cycles of the psychrophileous populations are univoltine from February or March to May or June. A period of 9 months or more is survived in the egg capsules by a diapause. 3. In morphology the form and largeness of the egg capsules and the male cuticular-organs is significant different in small, medium-size and large specimens. The chromosome-set of a medium-size population is tetraploid with 2n=8,n=4. Numbers of chromosomes of all other populations are 2n=4,n=1. 4. Reproductive isolation exists between five populations. ThereforeGyratrix is considered as a group of closely related species forming at least five sibling species. The range of two populations is unknown. The biota of the sibling species are isolated ponds or ponds in the neighbourhood one to another. In one case two species are living sympatric in the same pond. 5. The origin of the speciation processes are refered to autopolyploidy, ecogeographical differenciation and change of chromosome structure. Primarily the reproductive isolation is caused by a sexual substance, inhibiting copulation. It is different in all populations. 6. The supposition pointing out further sibling species from marine, brackish and limnetic biota renounced us to give a taxonomic term. The species groupGyratrix hermaphroditus is provisionally carried on under this name.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Zoomorphology 71 (1972), S. 203-289 
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four populations of Mesostoma lingua from various geographical areas react in different ways according to certain environmental factors. The determination of the two eggtypes is particularly influenced by temperature changes and a crowding effect. The influence of other factors is of little consequence.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 10 (1972), S. 59-68 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Laborversuch bildetMesostoma productum zunächst Subitaneier. In einer 2. Eigarnitur werden von denselben Individuen Dauereier produziert. Im natürlichen Lebensraum können sich nur wenige tiere während der Bildung einer Eigarnitur von Dauerei- auf Subitaneiproduktion umstellen. Die Entwicklungsdauer vom Schlüpfen des Muttertieres bis zum schlüpfen der von ihr produzierten Jungtiere aus Subitaneiern beträgt bei +15° C 24,5 Tage, bei +20° C 16,7 Tage und bei +25° C 13,2 Tage. Diese Werte liegen um 13,9 und 7 Tage niedriger als beiM. lingua. Die Lebenszyklen im untersuchten Tümpel erstrecken sich 1968 über 3 Monate, 1969 und 1970 jeweils über 4 Monate. Die erste Generation, die aus Dauereiern schlüpft, produziert ausschließlich Subitaneier. Alle folgenden Generationen stammen von Tieren aus Subitaneiern. Diese Tiere können sowohl Subitaneier als auch Dauereier bilden. Die Population produziert bei optimalen Durchschnittstemperaturen von +20° C Subitaneier. Durchschnittstemperaturen von +15° C oder +25° C führen bei einem hohen Prozentsatz der Tiere zu Dauerei-Bildung. Gegen Ende des Zyklus werden überwiegend Dauereier produziert. Von Mitte Mai bis Mitte September bringtM. productum 7 Generationen hervor. Die gleiche Anzahl von Generationen erreichtM. lingua in 7,5–8 Monaten.
    Notes: Summary Under laboratory conditionsMesostoma productum produces a batch of dormant eggs subsequent to a batch of subitaneous eggs. In nature only a few individuals change from dormant egg production to subitaneous egg formation in one batch of eggs. The interval between hatching of the mother and hatching of her young from subitaneous eggs is 24.5 days at 15° C, 16.7 days at 20° C and 13.2 days at 25° C. These values are about 13,9 and 7 days lower than those forM. lingua. The life-cycles extended over 3 months in 1968 and over 4 months in 1969 and 1970. The first generation hatching from dormant eggs only produces subitaneous eggs. All further generations hatch from subitaneous eggs. Under optimum conditions of 20° C the population produces subitaneous eggs. Average temperatures of 25° and 15° C cause dormant egg formation by a high percentage of the animals. Towards the end of the life-cycle the majority of eggs formed are dormant. From the middle of May to mid-September 7 generations occur inM. productum, whereas inM. lingua the same number of generations occurs in 7.5–8 months.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 55 (1977), S. 21-31 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Turbellaria ; reproductive biology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. At temperature levels from 10 to 25°C animals from resting eggs produce subitaneous eggs independent on temperature. In contrast animals from subitaneous eggs produce subitaneous eggs dependent on temperature. At a high rate subitaneous eggs are only formed at temperature levels above 20°C. 2. Below 10°C no development occurs in the juveniles. At temperatures of 30/22°C (24.7°C) the first subitaneous eggs are formed after 6–9 days, at 14/9°C (10.7°C) they are formed after 34 days. At different temperature levels the developmental rate of the young is from 10.5 to 42 days. One generation extends over 16.5 (30/22°C) to 75 days (14/9°C). The average egg production is 10–20 subitaneous eggs or 30–60 resting eggs. The maximum egg production of one individual is 50 subitaneous eggs or 84 resting eggs. 50% of the animals have just formed resting eggs, before the juveniles are hatched. Resting eggs in the first egg-batch are formed 6–20 days later than subitaneous eggs. The duration of life is between 65 (30/22°C) and 140 days (19/13°C). 3. Young worms in resting eggs have a dormance period of at least 15–30 days. At room temperatures (20°C) no juvenile in resting eggs hatches from water. By combining room and refrigerator (3.5°C) temperatures the hatching rate increases to a maximum of 85%. To reach a hatching rate of 50–65% the influence of low temperatures must be at least 30 days. At room temperatures 60% of the young in resting eggs hatch from mud covered with water. Combining high and low temperatures the hatching success is between 67 and 81%, where the highest percentage of the young may hatch at room temperature. Up to 90 days low temperatures cause a maximum hatching rate of 79%. It decreases to approximately 30% after 180 days. At high temperatures resting eggs preserved in 100% moist mud, survive for two months. By adding a period of low temperatures the hatching rate increases to a maximum of 52%. Low temperatures are survived for more than 6 months. Up to 30 days preservation at 3.5°C causes a maximum hatching rate of 61%, up to 12o days it decreases to 30%. At room temperature the young in resting eggs are not resistant against air-dried mud (30–40% rel. air moisture). Combining high and low temperatures air-dried mud is endured 1 month (hatching rate 5–14%). Preservation of 30–120 days at 3.5°C and 70% rel. air moisture result in a hatching rate of 43–61%. li]4. In the open air in Middle-Europe there occur 5–6 generations of M. ehrenbergii per life-cycle. The first generation hatches from resting eggs in May, where the production of subitaneous eggs is independent on temperature. All other generations up to October hatch from subitaneous eggs. The egg-production of those worms is dependent on environmental factors. In summer subitaneous egg production prevails, in autumn resting egg production. The abundance during the life-cycle is dependent on the number of animals which produce subitaneous eggs. Resting eggs are predestinated to endure periods of dryness and cold. The life-cycles of the species M. lingua and M. productum are different from those of M. ehrenbergii in length and in the number of generations. In both species 7 generations occur over 8 to 8.5 respectively 5.5 months. M. nigrirostrum only forms resting eggs. The life-cycle consists of one generation from February/March to May/June.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 65 (1979), S. 49-57 
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Turbellaria ; Phagocata ; Dendrocoelum ; Dugesia ; Polycelis ; abundance ; reproduction ; life-cycles ; competition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Dynamics of abundance and reproductive cycles of limnophileous triclads (Turbellaria) from little ponds. 1. Studying 18 little ponds in Lower Southern-Saxonia (West-Germany), in 14 ponds seven triclad-species were found. 2. Phagocata vitta occurs from October to July in 1–2 generations. In the area the species reproduces by fissipary. Maximum abundances and rates of reproduction are reached in December and January. In the ponds, where P. vitta and Dugesia polychroa live together, there is no competition between the two species. 3. After dry periods Dendrocoelum hercynicum emigrates from interstitial habitats as facultative inhabitant of surface-waters. 4. In low abundances Dendrocoelum lacteum lives in one pond only. The breeding period (production of cocoons) lasts from January to March. Low densities of this species are probable caused by interspecific food-competition with Polycelis nigra. 5. Likewise, Dugesia tigrina inhabits only one pond. The species is competitive to P. nigra at temperatures of about 20°C. High abundances in the months July to October fall together with high fissipareous-rates. 6. Dugesia polychroa occurs in low densities over the year or dependent on dry-periods. Cocoons are produced between March and May, in low numbers till autumn. 7. In the stagnant pond Bursfelde Polycelis nigra is the absolute dominant triclad-species with densities of up to 800 individuals/0,I m3. The maximum-abundances are caused by two intense reproductive periods in spring and autumn, together with optimum temperatures and food conditions.
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1979-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0018-8158
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5117
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 1977-07-01
    Print ISSN: 0018-8158
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-5117
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1972-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0029-8549
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-1939
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
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