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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Capacity of various organic residues to support adequate earthworm biomass for vermicomposting (1986)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 2 (1986), S. 23-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Composting ; Earthworms ; Eisenia fetida ; Vermicomposting ; Activated sewage sludge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We tested the potential of different kinds and combinations of wastes to support the biomass ofEisenia fetida (Sav.) capable of processing a given amount of waste in a period of ca. 1 month. Mixed miscellaneous wastes and activated sewage sludge mixed with or embedded in sieved pine bark showed capacity to maintain the required biomass for a long period. Wastes were converted into odourless castings of good physical structure, provided that a sufficient population was present from the beginning and fresh waste was added regularly. A horizontally working “worm bed compost” was designed instead of the “load-on-top” principle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00638957
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of pentachlorophenol in forest soil: a microcosm experiment for testing ecosystem responses to anthropogenic stress (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 182-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Anthropogenic stress ; Soil communities ; Decomposition ; Plant growth ; Microcosms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Changes in the structure and function of a soil decomposer community and growth of birch (Betula pendula) due to chemical contamination were studied in laboratory microcosms. Sodium pentachlorophenate (PCP) was added to the humus layer of a simulated forest soil at three nominal concentrations (0, 50 and 500 mg kg–1 dry mass). After two growing periods (48 weeks), there were more small soft-bodied mites, but less collembolans and microbial biomass, in the higher PCP concentration treatment than in the other treatments. Number of enchytraeids were significantly reduced and fungal-feeding nematodes became extinct in the soil with the higher PCP concentration. Soil respiration did not change due to PCP contamination. Diversity of soil fauna tended to decrease with increasing PCP concentration. Number of faunal taxa were not influenced by PCP. Mainly due to reduction of enchytraeids, total animal biomass was significantly lower in the higher PCP concentration treatment than in the other treatments. At week 8, leaching of nutrients was greatest in the higher PCP concentration treatment. At the end of the experiment no significant changes in soil pH and NH4 +-N content of the soil were found. Birch growth and N concentration of the leaves were reduced with the higher PCP concentration. We assume that direct toxicity of PCP at the beginning of the experiment and changes in the decomposer community structure (mainly reduction of enchytraeids and changes in microflora) due to PCP were responsible for the lowered primary production in the systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336061
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A microcosm study on the respiration and weight loss in birch litter and raw humus as influenced by soil fauna (1988)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 5 (1988), S. 282-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Soil fauna ; Decomposition ; CO2 production ; Birch litter ; Raw humus ; Microcosm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of diverse soil fauna (Collembola, Acari, Enchytraeidae, Nematoda) on decomposition of dead organic matter was studied in microcosms containing (1) birch leaf litter, (2) raw humus of coniferous forest and (3) litter on humus. Total respiration (CO2 evolution) was monitored weekly, and mass loss, length of fungal hyphae (total and metabolically active) and survival of animal populations were checked at the end of weeks 12 and 21–22 from the start of experiment. Animal populations established themselves well during the incubation. At the end of the experiment some replicates containing litter had microarthropod densities of up to 500 specimens per microcosm, corresponding to a field population of 200 000 m−2. The soil animals had a positive influence on total respiration in all substrates. By the end of experiment 32.0%, 22.6% and 14.6% more CO2 had evolved in the presence of animals in litter, litter + humus and humus alone, respectively. There was clear trend towards a higher mass loss in the presence of animals, though it was significant in litter only. Our results showed that a diverse soil animal community enhances the activity of soil microbes, and may thereby accelerate decomposition in raw coniferous forest soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00262132
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of pentachlorophenol in forest soil: a microcosm experiment for testing ecosystem responses to anthropogenic stress (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 182-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Anthropogenic stress ; Soil communities ; Decomposition ; Plant growth ; Microcosms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Changes in the structure and function of a soil decomposer community and growth of birch (Betula pendula) due to chemical contamination were studied in laboratory microcosms. Sodium pentachlorophenate (PCP) was added to the humus layer of a simulated forest soil at three nominal concentrations (0, 50 and 500 mg kg-1 dry mass). After two growing periods (48 weeks), there were more small soft-bodied mites, but less collembolans and microbial biomass, in the higher PCP concentration treatment than in the other treatments. Number of enchytraeids were significantly reduced and fungal-feeding nematodes became extinct in the soil with the higher PCP concentration. Soil respiration did not change due to PCP contamination. Diversity of soil fauna tended to decrease with increasing PCP concentration. Number of faunal taxa were not influenced by PCP. Mainly due to reduction of enchytraeids, total animal biomass was significantly lower in the higher PCP concentration treatment than in the other treatments. At week 8, leaching of nutrients was greatest in the higher PCP concentration treatment. At the end of the experiment no significant changes in soil pH and NH inf4 sup+ -N content of the soil were found. Birch growth and N concentration of the leaves were reduced with the higher PCP concentration. We assume that direct toxicity of PCP at the beginning of the experiment and changes in the decomposer community structure (mainly reduction of enchytracids and changes in microflora) due to PCP were responsible for the lowered primary production in the systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336061
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties of food loads delivered to nestlings in the pied flycatcher: effects of clutch size manipulation, year, and sex (1998)
    Springer
    Oecologia 115 (1998), S. 579-585 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key wordsFicedula hypoleuca ; Food provisioning ; Foraging behavior ; Load ; Reproductive effort
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experimental manipulation of the number of altricial offspring is supposed to modify parental expenditure in birds. In addition to the observed increase in parental feeding rate, it is also possible that the choice of prey or the size of load may change with the changing demand for food. Sexual differences in the provisioning response are also expected, on the basis of earlier studies. We examined the effect of brood size manipulation on choice of prey brought to nestlings and load size in the pied flycatcher. The composition and size of loads differed between years, possibly depending on varying availability of different prey types. Males responded to brood size enlargement by gathering heavier loads, whereas females showed no response. The alteration of load size in males was not explained by a larger number of prey items or mean prey size, but was a combination of these components. It is likely that males also increased their work rate in response to increased food demand at the nest. The absence of response in females might be because they are unable to increase work rate any further, or because food delivery rate in females can not be optimized by changing load properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050555
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of earthworms on decomposition processes in raw humus forest soil: A microcosm study (1990)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 10 (1990), S. 178-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Earthworms ; Decomposition ; Nutrient cycling ; Raw humus ; Forest soil ; Lumbricus rubellus ; Dendrobaena octaedra
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The earthworms Lumbricus rubellus (Hoffmeister) and Dendrobaena octaedra (Savigny) were studied in the laboratory to determine their effects on decomposition and nutrient cycling in coniferous forest soil. CO2 evolution was monitored, and pH, PO 4 3− −P, NH 4 + −N, NO 3 − −N, total N, and total C in the leaching waters were measured. After three destructive samplings, numbers of animals, mass loss, pH, and KCl-extractable nutrients were analysed. The earthworms clearly enhanced the mass loss of the substrate, especially that of litter. L. rubellus stimulated microbial respiration by 15–18%, whereas D. octaedra stimulated it only slightly. The worms significantly raised the pH of the leaching waters and the humus; L. rubellus raised the value by 0.2–0.6 pH units and D. octaedra by 0.1–0.4 units. Both worms increased N mineralization. Although the biomass of both worms decreased during the experiment, the N released from decomposing tissues did not explain the increase in N leached in the presence of earthworms. The worms influenced the level of PO 4 3− −P only slightly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336132
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of endogeic earthworms on soil processes and plant growth in coniferous forest soil (1992)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 13 (1992), S. 6-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Earthworms ; Nutrient cycling ; Plant growth ; Forest soil ; Aporrectodea caliginosa tuberculata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of the endogeic earthworm, Aporrectodea caliginosa tuberculata (Eisen) on decomposition processes in moist coniferous forest soil were studied in the laboratory. The pH preference of this species and its effects on microbial activity, N and P mineralization, and the growth of birch seedlings were determined in separate pot experiments. Homogenized humus from a spruce stand was shown to be too acid for A. c. tuberculata. After liming, the earthworms thrived in the humus and their biomass increased (at pH above 4.8). In later experiments in which the humus was limed, the earthworms positively influenced the biological activity in humus and also increased the rate of N mineralization. A. c. tuberculata increased the growth of birch seedlings, with increases observed in stems, leaves, and roots. Neither NH 4 + -N fertilizer nor mechanical mixing with artificial worms affected seedling growth. No plant-growth-affecting compounds (e.g., hormone-like compounds) due to the earthworms were present in the humus. The shoot: root ratio in the birch seedlings was not affected by either the earthworms or the fertilizer. The experiments revealed the impact of earthworm activity on soil processes and plant growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00337230
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  • 8
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    Leaching of n and c from birch leaf litter and raw humus with special emphasis on the influence of soil fauna (1988)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 1988-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0038-0717
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-3428
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 9
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    Effects of pentachlorophenol in forest soil: a microcosm experiment for testing ecosystem responses to anthropogenic stress (1996)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1996-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0178-2762
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0789
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    Capacity of various organic residues to support adequate earthworm biomass for vermicomposting (1986)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1986-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0178-2762
    Electronic ISSN: 1432-0789
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Springer
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