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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 72 (1992), S. 2749-2757 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Hydrogen transport in metals is affected by processes occurring in the bulk, the surface/bulk, and gas/surface interfaces. Several models have been proposed to explain the permeation process. Here the development of the various models is discussed and the similarities and differences among them are highlighted. By considering the limiting case of high pressure, it is shown that the dissociative chemisorption model of Wang [Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 32, 657 (1936)] is sufficient to explain the observed experimental results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 70 (1991), S. 3600-3604 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The rate of hydrogen uptake and release by metals can be strongly affected by surface barriers for adsorption and desorption. The rate of hydrogen permeation through a Pd membrane was measured for both incident molecules (10−3–10−4 Pa) and neutral atoms (1016–1019 H0/m2⋅ s) for membrane temperatures of 300–570 K. The pressure dependence of H2-driven permeation was used to identify regimes where the permeation was controlled by bulk processes (diffusion-limited) and surface processes (surface-limited). The dependence of the H0-driven permeation rate on the direction of permeation was used to separate the contribution of each surface to the overall surface-limited permeation rate. One of the membrane surfaces was coated in situ with copper evaporated from a hot source. This same surface could be monitored in situ by Auger electron spectroscopy. At temperatures below 450 K, stable copper coatings were made with thicknesses ranging from ∼3 to 25 nm. The thin Cu coatings led to a decrease in the H2-driven permeation rate. The permeation rate was found to increase, however, for H0 atoms incident on the Cu-coated surface. This is consistent with a barrier for H2 dissociation and H recombination at the Cu/vacuum interface. Membranes with such a barrier, in conjunction with a source of H0 atoms, have applications as hydrogen pumps.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 817-827 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The radiation-enhanced sublimation of different types of graphite was measured during H+ or D+ irradiation, by line-of-sight quadrupole mass spectroscopy; the quadrupole mass spectrometer was modified to block the transmission of reflected beam particles. The radiation-enhanced sublimation yield depends on both the type and orientation of the graphite; the highest yields (∼0.2 C/D at 1800 K for 1 keV D+) are associated with the most dense and most ordered graphite (pyrolytic graphite, HPG99). The yield at 400 K temperature is of the order of 10−3 C/D for 1 keV D+, more than one order of magnitude lower than the physical sputtering yield. The measured radiation-enhanced sublimation yields are in good agreement with model calculations. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 66-86 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A new model has been developed for hydrogen retention and trapping in and release from graphite. Two different regions in the graphite with different hydrogen transport and trapping behaviors are distinguished, the bulk region within, and the surface region on graphite crystallites. The model incorporates new experimental results related to atom diffusion and recombination on inner surfaces. Recombination is explained from a fundamental viewpoint by linking it to diffusion using a classical expression. The model is applied to a number of reemission and thermal desorption experiments, in particular, the reemission of hydrogen atoms during irradiation with energetic hydrogen ions and the formation of HD during irradiation with H+ and D+ or during thermal desorption of graphite that was preimplanted with H+ and D+ ions with different energies. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 76 (1994), S. 4511-4515 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An experiment was performed in order to determine whether a first-order or second-order mechanism governs the re-emission of deuterium molecules from graphite during D+ bombardment. The order of the release mechanism should be reflected in the dependence of the re-emission on the incident flux density. No flux density dependence was observed, indicating a first-order process, in agreement with a hydrogen transport model where the rate of molecule release is determined by a first-order process involving H diffusion within graphite crystallites.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 84 (1998), S. 1655-1669 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A methane erosion yield model has been developed using the principal atomistic reactions outlined by Küppers and co-workers [eg., A. Horn, A. Schenk, J. Biener, B. Winter, C. Lutterloh, M. Wittmann, and J. Küppers, Chem. Phys. Lett. 231, 193 (1994)] with additional terms to account for the energy of the incident particles, namely, kinetic ejection and damage deposition. Furthermore, modifications were made to the previous models by using distributed activation energies for methyl and hydrogen release as well as an activated Eley-Rideal abstraction process. Fitting of this model to experimentally measured methane yield data shows excellent agreement, except for low energy (≤25 eV) impact at temperatures above ∼800 K. We have provided a sound physical basis for the behavior of the free fitting parameters and conclude that most of the processes associated with low-energy impact on pyrolytic graphite leading to methane production have been incorporated. Possible extensions of the model to include heavy hydrocarbons and total chemical erosion yields are also discussed. Due to the lack of comprehensive experimental data on the flux dependence of hydrocarbon erosion, the flux dependence of the fitting parameters could not be explored and so the effect of flux density requires further modeling considerations. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 72 (2001), S. 2593-2598 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A Monte Carlo simulation of tritium β particle motion in a matrix material indicates that the probability of escape through the material surface is greater than 50% for near-surface tritium, but drops quite rapidly with increasing depth. Beyond an areal density depth of 2×10−5 g/cm2, the decline is close to exponential, with an e-folding length of approximately 3×10−5 g/cm2, the exact value varying slightly with the material. The sensitivity of the tritium imaging technique will decrease at a similar rate with increasing depth of tritium. Experimentally, the image intensity of a tritium-implanted graphite specimen was observed to decrease exponentially with coating thickness as an aluminum layer was evaporated onto its surface, with an exponent that was within 30% of the predicted value. The Monte Carlo simulation also indicated that the limit of lateral resolution of the tritium imaging technique will be slightly less than the depth of the tritium, subject always to Recknagel's limit of resolution due to "chromatic aberration" of the electron optics, which is of the order of 200 nm. If tritium is uniformly distributed through the material, surface tritium so dominates image formation that Recknagel's limit inevitably applies. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 57 (1990), S. 1976-1977 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: New results obtained for graphite self-sputtering, in the presence of thermal atomic hydrogen, show that chemically enhanced self-sputtering (CES) can exceed unity erosion yield even at normal angles of incidence. CES yields were found to depend on the φC+/φH0 flux ratio and graphite temperature, with peak erosion occurring at about 800 K. No dependence on angles of incidence was observed.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 85 (1986), S. 3293-3299 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A physical/chemical model is presented for the reaction kinetics for methane formation from carbon, due to bombardment by energetic (∼100's eV) H+ ions and thermal (∼1 eV) H0 atoms. While the model was developed for H+ and H0, it can be readily applied to nonhydrogenic energetic particles (ions or atoms, e.g., Ar+, He+, He) in combination with thermal (∼1 eV) hydrogen (again ions or atoms) impacting on carbon. Both collisional (in the case of the energetic particles) and chemical reaction processes are included. Special cases of sub-eV H0 alone, energetic H+ alone, and combined H0 plus H+ were considered and fitted to experimental data. Generally good agreement was found between theoretical predictions and experimental results over the experimental flux and H+ energy ranges studied (H0 flux: 6×1014–7×1015 H0/cm2 s, H+ flux: 6×1012–5×1015 H+/cm2 s, H+ energy: 300 eV/H+ and 1 keV/H+).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 1983-03-07
    Print ISSN: 0031-9007
    Electronic ISSN: 1079-7114
    Topics: Physics
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