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  • 1
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    Two-dimensional polymers with versatile functionalities via gemini monomers (2019)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019
    Description: 〈p〉Two-dimensional synthetic polymers (2DSPs) are sheet-like macromolecules consisting of covalently linked repeat units in two directions. Access to 2DSPs with controlled size and shape and diverse functionality has been limited because of the need for monomers to retain their crystallinity throughout polymerization. Here, we describe a synthetic strategy for 2DSPs that obviates the need for crystallinity, via the free radical copolymerization of amphiphilic gemini monomers and their monomeric derivatives arranged in a bilayer at solid-liquid interfaces. The ease of this strategy allowed the preparation of 2DSPs with well-controlled size and shape and diverse functionality on solid templates composed of various materials with wide-ranging surface curvatures and dimensions. The resulting 2DSPs showed remarkable mechanical strength and have multiple applications, such as nanolithographic resist and antibacterial agent. The broad scope of this approach markedly expands the chemistry, morphology, and functionality of 2DSPs accessible for practical applications.〈/p〉
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Autonomous and non-autonomous roles of DNase II during cell death in C. elegans embryos (2015)
    Portland Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-28
    Description: Generation of DNA fragments is a hallmark of cell apoptosis and is executed within the dying cells (autonomous) or in the engulfing cells (non-autonomous). The TUNEL method is used as an in situ assay of apoptosis by labeling DNA fragments generated by caspase associated DNase (CAD), but not those by the downstream DNase II. Here, we report a method of ToLFP (topoisomerase ligation fluorescence probes) for directly visualizing DNA fragments generated by DNase II in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. ToLFP analysis provided the first demonstration of a cell autonomous mode of DNase II activity in dying cells in ced-1 embryos, which are defective in engulfing apoptotic bodies. Compared with the number of ToLFP signals between ced-1 and wild-type (N2) embryos, a 30% increase in N2 embryos was found, suggesting that the ratio of non-autonomous and autonomous modes of DNase II was about 3 to 7. Among three DNase II mutant embryos ( nuc-1 , crn-6 , and crn-7 ), nuc-1 embryos exhibited the least number of ToLFP. The ToLFP results confirmed the previous findings that NUC-1 is the major DNase II for degrading apoptotic DNA. To further elucidate NUC-1’s mode of action, nuc-1 -rescuing transgenic worms that ectopically express free or membrane-bound forms of NUC-1 fusion proteins were utilized. ToLFP analyses revealed that anteriorly expressed NUC-1 digests apoptotic DNA in posterior blastomeres in a non-autonomous and secretion-dependent manner. Collectively, we demonstrate that the ToLFP method can be used to differentiate the locations of blastomeres where DNase II acts autonomously or non-autonomously in degrading apoptotic DNA.
    Print ISSN: 0144-8463
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-4935
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by Portland Press
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  • 3
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    Soil carbon dynamics in a Pinus massoniana plantation following clear-cutting and slash removal (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-01-29
    Description: Aims Slash removal is a common practice to prepare recently harvested sites for replanting. However, little is known about its impact on soil carbon (C) dynamics in subtropical plantations. This study evaluates the effects of burning versus manual slash removal site preparation treatments on soil organic carbon (SOC), soil respiration and soil microbial community structure in a Pinus massoniana plantation in southern China. Methods Three areas within a mature P. massoniana plantation were clearcut. Two months following harvesting, slash on one-half of each area was burned (BURN), whereas slash was manually removed (MANR) on the other portion. Slash removal treatments were also compared with adjacent uncut plantation areas (UNCUT). Soil samples, and soil respiration measurements were used to characterize soil properties and microbial communities following slash removal treatments. Important Findings Mean soil respiration rates from the MANR and BURN treatments were 26% and 17% lower, respectively, than the UNCUT treatment over 1 year. The MANR and BURN treatment resulted in soils with 27% and 9% reduction in total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and 18% and 10% reduction in bacterial PLFAs, respectively, compared with the UNCUT treatment. However, no significant differences existed between slash removal treatments with respect to soil chemical properties, SOC chemical compositions, soil respiration and microbial communities; although PLFA patterns were notably different for the burned plots. Most factors affecting C dynamics and microbial communities were not sensitive to the differences imparted to the ecosystem due to manual slash removal or burning. Our results suggested that low-intensity burning after clear-cutting might have no significant effect on soil C pool and its dynamics compared with manual slash removal in subtropical plantations.
    Print ISSN: 1752-993X
    Electronic ISSN: 1752-9921
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    Crosstalk between O-GlcNAcylation and proteolytic cleavage regulates the host cell factor-1 maturation pathway [Biochemistry] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-16
    Description: Host Cell Factor 1 (HCF-1) plays critical roles in regulating gene expression in a plethora of physiological processes. HCF-1 is first synthesized as a precursor, and subsequently specifically proteolytically cleaved within a large middle region termed the proteolytic processing domain (PPD). Although the underlying mechanism remains enigmatic, proteolysis of HCF-1 regulates its transcriptional activity and is important for cell cycle progression. Here we report that HCF-1 proteolysis is a regulated process. We demonstrate that a large proportion of the signaling enzyme O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase (OGT) is complexed with HCF-1 and this interaction is essential for HCF-1 cleavage. Moreover, HCF-1 is, in turn, required for stabilizing OGT in the nucleus. We provide evidence indicating that OGT regulates HCF-1 cleavage via interaction with and O-GlcNAcylation of the HCF-1 PPD. In contrast, although OGT also interacts with the basic domain in the HCF-1 amino-terminal subunit, neither the interaction nor the O-GlcNAcylation of this region are required for proteolysis. Moreover, we show that OGT-mediated modulation of HCF-1 impacts the expression of the herpes simplex virus immediate-early genes, targets of HCF-1 during the initiation of viral infection. Together the data indicate that O-GlcNAcylation of HCF-1 is a signal for its proteolytic processing and reveal a unique crosstalk between these posttranslational modifications. Additionally, interactions of OGT with multiple HCF-1 domains may indicate that OGT has several functions in association with HCF-1.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 5
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    Sulfur dioxide vertical column DOAS retrievals from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument: Global observations and comparison to ground-based and satellite data (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-21
    Description: We present a new dataset of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) vertical columns from observations of the Aura/OMI instrument between 2004 and 2013. The retrieval algorithm used is an advanced DOAS scheme combined with radiative transfer calculation. It is developed in preparation for the operational processing of SO 2 data product for the upcoming TROPOMI/Sentinel-5 Precursor mission. We evaluate the SO 2 column results with those inferred from other satellite retrievals such as IASI and OMI (Linear Fit and Principal Component Analysis algorithms). A general good agreement between the different data sets is found for both volcanic and anthropogenic SO 2 emission scenarios. We show that our algorithm produces SO 2 columns with low noise and is able to provide accurate estimates of SO 2 . This conclusion is supported by important validation results over the heavily polluted site of Xianghe (China). Nearly four years of OMI and ground-based multi-axis DOAS SO 2 columns are compared, and an excellent match is found. We also highlight the improved performance of the algorithm in capturing weak SO 2 sources by detecting shipping SO 2 emissions in long-term averaged data, an unreported measurement from space.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 6
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    Crystallization-induced emission enhancement: A novel fluorescent Au-Ag bimetallic nanocluster with precise atomic structure (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-08-19
    Description: We report the first noble metal nanocluster with a formula of Au 4 Ag 13 (DPPM) 3 (SR) 9 exhibiting crystallization-induced emission enhancement (CIEE), where DPPM denotes bis(diphenylphosphino)methane and HSR denotes 2,5-dimethylbenzenethiol. The precise atomic structure is determined by x-ray crystallography. The crystalline state of Au 4 Ag 13 shows strong luminescence at 695 nm, in striking contrast to the weak emission of the amorphous state and hardly any emission in solution phase. The structural analysis and the density functional theory calculations imply that the compact C–H··· interactions significantly restrict the intramolecular rotations and vibrations and thus considerably enhance the radiative transitions in the crystalline state. Because the noncovalent interactions can be easily modulated via varying the chemical environments, the CIEE phenomenon might represent a general strategy to amplify the fluorescence from weakly (or even non-) emissive nanoclusters.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    A D53 repression motif induces oligomerization of TOPLESS corepressors and promotes assembly of a corepressor-nucleosome complex (2017)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-03
    Description: TOPLESS are tetrameric plant corepressors of the conserved Tup1/Groucho/TLE (transducin-like enhancer of split) family. We show that they interact through their TOPLESS domains (TPDs) with two functionally important ethylene response factor–associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motifs of the rice strigolactone signaling repressor D53: the universally conserved EAR-3 and the monocot-specific EAR-2. We present the crystal structure of the monocot-specific EAR-2 peptide in complex with the TOPLESS-related protein 2 (TPR2) TPD, in which the EAR-2 motif binds the same TPD groove as jasmonate and auxin signaling repressors but makes additional contacts with a second TPD site to mediate TPD tetramer-tetramer interaction. We validated the functional relevance of the two TPD binding sites in reporter gene assays and in transgenic rice and demonstrate that EAR-2 binding induces TPD oligomerization. Moreover, we demonstrate that the TPD directly binds nucleosomes and the tails of histones H3 and H4. Higher-order assembly of TPD complexes induced by EAR-2 binding markedly stabilizes the nucleosome-TPD interaction. These results establish a new TPD-repressor binding mode that promotes TPD oligomerization and TPD-nucleosome interaction, thus illustrating the initial assembly of a repressor-corepressor-nucleosome complex.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 8
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    Sedimentation in remnant ocean basin off SW Taiwan with implication for closing northeastern South China Sea (2015)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-08-26
    Description: Taiwan is one of the most cited examples of modern mountain building in an oblique arc–continent collision. However, the recognition and significance of the Taiwan remnant ocean basin in the final stages of the collision of Luzon with the Chinese margin have long been ignored. This paper emphasizes the Taiwan remnant ocean basin as the main sink for sediments from the uplifted Taiwan suture zone and as a record of clues to the suturing history of the Taiwan collision zone. A part of the palaeo South China Sea has been closed by oblique collision of the Luzon Arc with the Chinese margin in the Taiwan region since about 4 Ma. As collision continued southward along the Taiwan–Luzon convergent zone the remaining South China Sea off SW Taiwan became the Taiwan remnant ocean basin. Beginning about 1.6 Ma much sediment from the longitudinal drainage of the Taiwan orogen was fed into this remaining basin and trapped in the intra-slope basins of the Kaoping slope, with some sediment bypassing via the Kaoping Canyon to the lower reach of the Penghu Canyon. This basin is characteristic of an axial canyon–deep-sea channel–oceanic trench system without significant sediment accumulation in submarine fans. Excess sediments from the Penghu Canyon mainly spill over out of the closing basin to the South China Sea and Manila Trench via the deep-sea Penghu Channel. The Taiwan–Luzon convergent zone continues along the NE South China Sea where the Taiwan remnant ocean basin exists. The implication of the convergence is that the Taiwan remnant ocean basin will keep shrinking in the next few million years southward to the northern end of the Manila Trench at around 20°N, where collision is replaced by subduction. The remnant ocean basin would be closed and deformed, and sediments would be accreted to uplifted collisional terranes north of the Manila Trench.
    Print ISSN: 0016-7649
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 9
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    Conformational activation of Mad2 [Biophysics and Computational Biology] (2015)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-09
    Description: The spindle checkpoint senses unattached kinetochores during prometaphase and inhibits the anaphase-promoting complex or cyclosome (APC/C), thus ensuring accurate chromosome segregation. The checkpoint protein mitotic arrest deficient 2 (Mad2) is an unusual protein with multiple folded states. Mad2 adopts the closed conformation (C-Mad2) in a Mad1–Mad2 core complex. In mitosis,...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    Ultrafast single-shot optical vector network analyzer based on coherent time-stretch (2020)
    American Institute of Physics
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    Publication Date: 2020-10-01
    Electronic ISSN: 2378-0967
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics
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