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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2013-01-19
    Description: [1]  Precise mappings of sea surface topography, slope and gravity of the Arctic Ocean are derived from altimeter data collected by Envisat and ICESat. Both altimeters measured instantaneous sea surface height at leads in the sea ice. To reduce contamination by ice-freeboard signal and tracker noise in Envisat height data, a retracking of the waveform data was performed. Analogous reprocessing of ICESat data was also done. Arctic mean sea surfaces (MSS's) were computed from Envisat data spanning 2002–2008 and ICESat data spanning 2003–2009. Farrell et al. (2012) used these “ICEn” MSS's to estimate mean dynamic topography (MDT). These same Envisat and ICESat data are used, in sea-surface-slope form, to compute the ARCtic Satellite-only (ARCS-2) altimetric marine gravity field. ARCS-2 extends north to 86 o N and uses GRACE/GOCE gravity data (GOCO02S) for its long-wavelength ( 〉 260 km) components. Use of Envisat data improves the spatial resolution over that of existing Arctic marine gravity fields in many areas. ARCS-2's spatial resolution aids in tracing tectonic fabric - e.g. extinct plate boundaries - over broad areas of the Arctic basin whose tectonic origin remains a mystery. ARCS-2's precision is validated using NASA 2010/2011 Operation IceBridge (OIB) airborne gravimetry. ARCS-2 and OIB gravity along with ICEn-MSS results are employed to locate short-wavelength errors approaching one meter in current Arctic marine geoids (EGM2008). Precise OIB airborne gravity corroborates that such errors in current geoid/gravity models are widespread in Arctic areas lacking accurate surface gravity data. These geoid errors limit the spatial resolution at which MDT can be mapped.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 1998-12-16
    Description: Elevations from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) have been used to construct a precise topographic map of the martian north polar region. The northern ice cap has a maximum elevation of 3 kilometers above its surroundings but lies within a 5-kilometer-deep hemispheric depression that is contiguous with the area into which most outflow channels emptied. Polar cap topography displays evidence of modification by ablation, flow, and wind and is consistent with a primarily H2O composition. Correlation of topography with images suggests that the cap was more spatially extensive in the past. The cap volume of 1.2 x 10(6) to 1.7 x 10(6) cubic kilometers is about half that of the Greenland ice cap. Clouds observed over the polar cap are likely composed of CO2 that condensed out of the atmosphere during northern hemisphere winter. Many clouds exhibit dynamical structure likely caused by the interaction of propagating wave fronts with surface topography.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zuber, M T -- Smith, D E -- Solomon, S C -- Abshire, J B -- Afzal, R S -- Aharonson, O -- Fishbaugh, K -- Ford, P G -- Frey, H V -- Garvin, J B -- Head, J W -- Ivanov, A B -- Johnson, C L -- Muhleman, D O -- Neumann, G A -- Pettengill, G H -- Phillips, R J -- Sun, X -- Zwally, H J -- Banerdt, W B -- Duxbury, T C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Dec 11;282(5396):2053-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. zuber@tharsis.gsfc.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851922" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Carbon Dioxide ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; *Ice ; *Mars ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 1999-05-29
    Description: Elevations measured by the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter have yielded a high-accuracy global map of the topography of Mars. Dominant features include the low northern hemisphere, the Tharsis province, and the Hellas impact basin. The northern hemisphere depression is primarily a long-wavelength effect that has been shaped by an internal mechanism. The topography of Tharsis consists of two broad rises. Material excavated from Hellas contributes to the high elevation of the southern hemisphere and to the scarp along the hemispheric boundary. The present topography has three major drainage centers, with the northern lowlands being the largest. The two polar cap volumes yield an upper limit of the present surface water inventory of 3.2 to 4.7 million cubic kilometers.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, D E -- Zuber, M T -- Solomon, S C -- Phillips, R J -- Head, J W -- Garvin, J B -- Banerdt, W B -- Muhleman, D O -- Pettengill, G H -- Neumann, G A -- Lemoine, F G -- Abshire, J B -- Aharonson, O -- Brown, C D -- Hauck, S A -- Ivanov, A B -- McGovern, P J -- Zwally, H J -- Duxbury, T C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 May 28;284(5419):1495-503.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Earth Sciences Directorate, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. dsmith@tharsis.gsfc.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10348732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Evolution, Planetary ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ice ; *Mars ; *Water
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 1998-03-28
    Description: The first 18 tracks of laser altimeter data across the northern hemisphere of Mars from the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft show that the planet at latitudes north of 50 degrees is exceptionally flat; slopes and surface roughness increase toward the equator. The polar layered terrain appears to be a thick ice-rich formation with a non-equilibrium planform indicative of ablation near the periphery. Slope relations suggest that the northern Tharsis province was uplifted in the past. A profile across Ares Vallis channel suggests that the discharge through the channel was much greater than previously estimated. The martian atmosphere shows significant 1-micrometer atmospheric opacities, particularly in low-lying areas such as Valles Marineris.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Smith, D E -- Zuber, M T -- Frey, H V -- Garvin, J B -- Head, J W -- Muhleman, D O -- Pettengill, G H -- Phillips, R J -- Solomon, S C -- Zwally, H J -- Banerdt, W B -- Duxbury, T C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 Mar 13;279(5357):1686-92.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Earth Sciences Directorate, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9497281" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Atmosphere ; *Extraterrestrial Environment ; Ice ; *Mars ; Spacecraft
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2002-06-08
    Description: Ice flow at a location in the equilibrium zone of the west-central Greenland Ice Sheet accelerates above the midwinter average rate during periods of summer melting. The near coincidence of the ice acceleration with the duration of surface melting, followed by deceleration after the melting ceases, indicates that glacial sliding is enhanced by rapid migration of surface meltwater to the ice-bedrock interface. Interannual variations in the ice acceleration are correlated with variations in the intensity of the surface melting, with larger increases accompanying higher amounts of summer melting. The indicated coupling between surface melting and ice-sheet flow provides a mechanism for rapid, large-scale, dynamic responses of ice sheets to climate warming.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zwally, H Jay -- Abdalati, Waleed -- Herring, Tom -- Larson, Kristine -- Saba, Jack -- Steffen, Konrad -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jul 12;297(5579):218-22. Epub 2002 Jun 6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Oceans and Ice Branch, Code 971, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. jay.zwally@gsfc.nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12052902" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1990-04-20
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zwally, H J -- Brenner, A C -- Major, J A -- Bindschadler, R A -- Marsh, J G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Apr 20;248(4953):288-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17784469" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1989-12-22
    Description: An observed 0.23 m/year thickening of the Greenland ice sheet indicates a 25% to 45% excess ice accumulation over the amount required to balance the outward ice flow. The implied global sea-level depletion is 0.2 to 0.4 mm/year, depending on whether the thickening is only recent (5 to 10 years) or longer term (〈 100 years). If there is a similar imbalance in the northern 60% of the ice-sheet area, the depletion is 0.35 to 0.7 mm/year. Increasing ice thickness suggests that the precipitation is higher than the long-term average; higher precipitation may be a characteristic of warmer climates in polar regions.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zwally, H J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Dec 22;246(4937):1589-91.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17834423" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1989-12-22
    Description: Measurements of ice-sheet elevation change by satellite altimetry show that the Greenland surface elevation south of 72 degrees north latitude is increasing. The vertical velocity of the surface is 0.20 +/- 0.06 meters per year from measured changes in surface elevations at 5906 intersections between Geosat paths in 1985 and Seasat in 1978, and 0.28 +/- 0.02 meters per year from 256,694 intersections of Geosat paths during a 548-day period of 1985 to 1986.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zwally, H J -- Bindschadler, R A -- Brenner, A C -- Major, J A -- Marsh, J G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1989 Dec 22;246(4937):1587-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17834422" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2006-10-21
    Description: Mass changes of the Greenland Ice Sheet resolved by drainage system regions were derived from a local mass concentration analysis of NASA-Deutsches Zentrum fur Luftund Raumfahrt Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE mission) observations. From 2003 to 2005, the ice sheet lost 101 +/- 16 gigaton/year, with a gain of 54 gigaton/year above 2000 meters and a loss of 155 gigaton/year at lower elevations. The lower elevations show a large seasonal cycle, with mass losses during summer melting followed by gains from fall through spring. The overall rate of loss reflects a considerable change in trend (-113 +/- 17 gigaton/year) from a near balance during the 1990s but is smaller than some other recent estimates.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Luthcke, S B -- Zwally, H J -- Abdalati, W -- Rowlands, D D -- Ray, R D -- Nerem, R S -- Lemoine, F G -- McCarthy, J J -- Chinn, D S -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 24;314(5803):1286-9. Epub 2006 Oct 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Planetary Geodynamics Laboratory, Code 698, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA. Scott.B.Luthcke@nasa.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17053112" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2012-12-01
    Description: We combined an ensemble of satellite altimetry, interferometry, and gravimetry data sets using common geographical regions, time intervals, and models of surface mass balance and glacial isostatic adjustment to estimate the mass balance of Earth's polar ice sheets. We find that there is good agreement between different satellite methods--especially in Greenland and West Antarctica--and that combining satellite data sets leads to greater certainty. Between 1992 and 2011, the ice sheets of Greenland, East Antarctica, West Antarctica, and the Antarctic Peninsula changed in mass by -142 +/- 49, +14 +/- 43, -65 +/- 26, and -20 +/- 14 gigatonnes year(-1), respectively. Since 1992, the polar ice sheets have contributed, on average, 0.59 +/- 0.20 millimeter year(-1) to the rate of global sea-level rise.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Shepherd, Andrew -- Ivins, Erik R -- A, Geruo -- Barletta, Valentina R -- Bentley, Mike J -- Bettadpur, Srinivas -- Briggs, Kate H -- Bromwich, David H -- Forsberg, Rene -- Galin, Natalia -- Horwath, Martin -- Jacobs, Stan -- Joughin, Ian -- King, Matt A -- Lenaerts, Jan T M -- Li, Jilu -- Ligtenberg, Stefan R M -- Luckman, Adrian -- Luthcke, Scott B -- McMillan, Malcolm -- Meister, Rakia -- Milne, Glenn -- Mouginot, Jeremie -- Muir, Alan -- Nicolas, Julien P -- Paden, John -- Payne, Antony J -- Pritchard, Hamish -- Rignot, Eric -- Rott, Helmut -- Sorensen, Louise Sandberg -- Scambos, Ted A -- Scheuchl, Bernd -- Schrama, Ernst J O -- Smith, Ben -- Sundal, Aud V -- van Angelen, Jan H -- van de Berg, Willem J -- van den Broeke, Michiel R -- Vaughan, David G -- Velicogna, Isabella -- Wahr, John -- Whitehouse, Pippa L -- Wingham, Duncan J -- Yi, Donghui -- Young, Duncan -- Zwally, H Jay -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2012 Nov 30;338(6111):1183-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1228102.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. ashepherd@leeds.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23197528" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Antarctic Regions ; *Climate Change ; Geographic Information Systems ; Greenland ; *Ice Cover
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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