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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nutrient management of forests under stress for improved health and increased productivity (1992)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 32 (1992), S. 71-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01054396
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of shoot architecture on hydraulic conductance in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) (1999)
    Springer
    Trees 14 (1999), S. 39-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Crown architecture ; Hydraulic architecture ; Beech ; Fagus sylvatica L. ; Tree decline
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Shoot hydraulic conductance was measured in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) that had previously been exposed to high levels of nitrogen input. Whole-shoot hydraulic conductance, conductance per unit pressure gradient and leaf specific conductance were negatively correlated with the number of bud scars per unit length, a morphological parameter of tree decline. We propose a negative feedback mechanism by which stress induced alterations in shoot morphology can cause a lasting reduction of tree vigour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680050005
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new fertilization strategy in declining forests (1990)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 54 (1990), S. 495-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In central Europe and to some degree in North America, the so called “new type” forest damages occur over large areas. Various studies indicate the declines are more or less frequently associated with nutritional disturbances that have developed within rather short time periods. The most common disorder is a Mg deficiency that produces specific discoloration symptoms such as tip-yellowing in Norway spruce. But also K deficiencies and other disturbances exist in coniferous as well as in deciduous forests. Good correlations between the site specific substrate chemistry and the actual nutritional status of the trees and stands were found. To explain the sudden and widespread development of the forest declines adverse anthropogenic influences such as increased N and H+ deposition, land use and forestry mismanagement as well as natural stresses are discussed. The hypothesized causal mechanisms are multiple, but include generally soil degradation processes associated with losses of alkaline nutrient ions from the rooted solum. Recent and previous fertilization (and liming) experiments have shown that a fast and sustained revitalization and restabilization of declining forest ecosystems marked by nutrient deficiencies can be achieved. This was demonstrated by chemical and histological foliar analyses and the visible improvement of the trees. Soil analyses also revealed a positive change of the chemical soil status when site and stand specific fertilizer applications were utilized in the appropriate amounts. However, under certain site and stand conditions risks and limitations exist that have to be evaluated when fertilization practices are discussed. To overcome or minimize these influences the treatments must be adapted to the site, and stand specific fertilization needs as indicated by soil and foliar analysis, humus form, hydrologic parameter and atmospheric deposition rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02385150
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new fertilization strategy in declining forests (1990)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 54 (1990), S. 495-508 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In central Europe and to some degree in North America, the so called “new type” forest damages occur over large areas. Various studies indicate the declines are more or less frequently associated with nutritional disturbances that have developed within rather short time periods. The most common disorder is a Mg deficiency that produces specific discoloration symptoms such as tip-yellowing in Norway spruce. But also K deficiencies and other disturbances exist in coniferous as well as in deciduous forests. Good correlations between the site specific substrate chemistry and the actual nutritional status of the trees and stands were found. To explain the sudden and widespread development of the forest declines adverse anthropogenic influences such as increased N and H+ deposition, land use and forestry mismanagement as well as natural stresses are discussed. The hypothesized causal mechanisms are multiple, but include generally soil degradation processes associated with losses of alkaline nutrient ions from the rooted solum. Recent and previous fertilization (and liming) experiments have shown that a fast and sustained revitalization and restabilization of declining forest ecosystems marked by nutrient deficiencies can be achieved. This was demonstrated by chemical and histological foliar analyses and the visible improvement of the trees. Soil analyses also revealed a positive change of the chemical soil status when site and stand specific fertilizer applications were utilized in the appropriate amounts. However, under certain site and stand conditions risks and limitations exist that have to be evaluated when fertilization practices are discussed.To overcome or minimize these influences the treatments. must be adapted to the site, and stand specific fertilization needs as indicated by soil and foliar analysis, humus form, hydrologic parameter and atmospheric deposition rates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298689
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preface (1992)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 61 (1992), S. 205-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00482604
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaction of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Scots pine fine roots along a deposition gradient of air pollutants in eastern Germany (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1191-1196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Based on an ecosystematic approach within the comprehensive SANA (Regeneration of the atmosphere above the new federal states) -project the influence of industrial air pollutants (SO2, NOx, alkaline fly ashes) on the vitality of mycorrhizae, mycorrhizal frequency, and on parameters of root growth such as root biomass and necromass and distribution of different root classes in the soil horizons was investigated. The studies were conducted in three comparable Scots pine ecosystems in eastern Germany which were exposed to different deposition loads of air pollutants during the time of the former German Democratic Republic. Site specific differences were obtained for all parameters investigated. The reference plot Neuglobsow (background deposition) revealed the highest number of vital mycorrhizae, highest mycorrhizal frequency, and largest biomass of finest roots in the humus layer. At the impact-sites Roesa and Taura (heavy and moderate deposition) located near Halle/Bitterfeld and Leipzig, the number of vital mycorrhizae was reduced and the life-span of mycorrhizae of reduced vitality was elongated. Finest root biomass and necromass of the humus layer were also lower at these plots as compared to Neuglobsow. At Neuglobsow a higher turnover of mycorrhizae and finest roots of the humus layer is assumed. The reduced growth of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal finest roots at the two pollution impacted sites Roesa and Taura is seen as an adaptation mechanism of the root system to high nutrient inputs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477143
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Soil solution chemistry and element budgets of three Scots pine ecosystems along a deposition gradient in north-eastern Germany (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 1197-1202 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Scots pine ; Pinus sylvestris ; deposition ; element budget ; soil solution ; soil chemistry ; alkaline dust ; pH ; acidification ; sulfur release
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Since 1993 we are studying three Scots pine ecosystems along a deposition gradient in north-eastern Germany (formerly GDR). Dramatic reductions of pollutant emissions are reported for the period since 1989/90. S-deposition is high at the sites Roesa and Taura (25 kg S ha−1yr−1) compared to Neuglobsow. Inputs of basic cations, especially Ca, by alkaline dust immissions decrease in the order Roesa 〉 Taura 〉 Neuglobsow. The soil solution data show high concentrations of Ca and SO4 at Roesa decreasing drastically along the deposition gradient. The elevated pH values reflect the impact of alkaline dust deposition particularly in the organic surface layer at Roesa. The site Taura received less base cation deposition and is marked by the lowest pH values throughout the soil profile combined with increased Al concentrations in the solution of the mineral soil. Thus, the composition of the soil solutions clearly reflects the different deposition regimes of the past. The element budgets show that large amounts of base cations, sulfur, and, at Taura, also aluminum are actually released from the soils that were previously stored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00477144
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigations on pyrite oxidation in mine spoils of the Lusatian lignite mining district (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 213 (1999), S. 137-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: autochthonous acidophilic bacteria ; column experiments and field study ; fly ash ; mine spoil ; organic waste application ; Thiobacillus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The impact of organic waste material and fly ash on microbial and chemical pyrite oxidation was investigated in a field experiment, as well as in column tests under laboratory conditions. For the field experiment, pyritic mine spoil was ameliorated with fly ash and treated either with mineral fertiliser, with sewage sludge or with compost. Independent of treatment, during the 18 months following application, the pyrite-S contents decreased steadily in the top spoil (0–30 cm depth). However, high variations of the pyrite-S content were observed. Compared to other pyrite oxidation studies, the pyrite content of the mine spoil at the experimental site was low. Therefore, a model spoil with a higher pyrite content, derived from Tertiary strata of the overburden sequence in the same open-cast mine, was used for the column experiments. For the first column experiment, the model spoil was mixed with fly ash and mineral fertiliser, reflecting the common reclamation practice in the Lusatian open-cast lignite mining district. Columns with this spoil were either inoculated with different cell numbers of autochthonous acidophilic bacteria, isolated from the model spoil, or with a commercial strain of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. The ratio of sulphate-S to total S was used as a measure for the degree of pyrite oxidation. The ratio of sulphate-S to total S increased within 28 days of incubation. The increase was related to the inoculated cell numbers of bacteria, but independent of the origin of the bacteria. It can be stated, that autochthonous bacteria from the model spoil oxidised pyrite at a similar rate as did the commercial T. ferrooxidans strain. For the second column test, mineral fertiliser, sewage sludge or compost were applied to the model spoil. The columns were inoculated with autochthonous bacteria, isolated from the model spoil. Application of sewage sludge and compost seemed to promote the weathering of pyrite, as the ratio of sulphate-S to total S increased more rapidly in these treatments compared to control or mineral fertiliser application. Both experiments showed an increase of cell numbers of inoculated bacteria, independent of the ratio of sulphate-S to total S.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004665207808
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Significance of litter- and humus-layer quality for rates and forms of N cycling in moder- to rawhumus-moder profiles under Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 213 (1999), S. 11-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: air pollution ; dissolved organic nitrogen ; net release ; nitrate ; soil cores ; uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In three Scots pine stands in northeastern Germany along a gradient of air pollutant deposition loads (particularly sulfate and alkaline dust), the net N release by decomposition, net N immobilization by microorganisms, net N in- and output via soil solution, net N uptake by plants and net N exudation were studied utilizing the soil core method. Apart from NH4-N and NO3-N dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) was measured. The chemical properties of the organic horizons are altered with respect to what is expected from the classification of the moder and rawhumus-moder profiles. These changes are due to former air pollution and site management impacts. Lowest pH values (3.8 in H2O) and widest C:N ratios (27) are found in the moder at the background site Neuglobsow. High concentrations of total extractable N (250 mg N kg−1 d.m.) at this site are explained by the fairly high proportion of extracted DON (64%). The high DON concentrations are correlated to the low pH as well as to high concentrations of total N. Both conditions may stimulate specific microbial activity, known to control the mobilization of soluble organic matter. A shift of the dominant N form to mineral N, especially to NO3-N is observed at the former pollution site Rösa, where pH values are at about 5.2 (H2O). At Rösa the annual net N turnover (189 kg N ha−1 yr−1) is by far higher than at the two other sites (Neuglobsow: 45 and Taura: 70 kg ha−1 yr−1). This holds also true for the annual net N losses (Rösa: 29 kg N ha−1 yr−1, Taura: 9 kg N ha−1 yr−1). At Neuglobsow, instead, net N input of 9 kg ha−1 yr−1 was observed. At the site with the lowest N-input via deposition/fertilization, i.e. Neuglobsow, DON plays an important role for the N fluxes, especially for the N uptake by plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004642305684
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Organic matter composition and degree of humification in lignite-rich mine soils under a chronosequence of pine (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 213 (1999), S. 161-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 14C activity ; 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy ; lignite ; mine soils ; soil organic matter ; wet chemical analyses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the Lusatian mining district, in the eastern part of the Federal Republic of Germany, organic matter of reclaimed mine soils consists of a mixture of lignite and recently formed soil organic matter (recent carbon). The aim of the study was to investigate the recent carbon accumulation and the degree of humification of a chronosequence of young mine soils under forest. The lignite content of the forest floor, Ai (0–5 cm) and Cv horizons (1 m depth) was determined by 14CU activity measurements and the structural composition of the organic matter was characterised by 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy. To obtain a characterisation of the degree of humification, the soil samples were analysed for the content of polysaccharides, proteins, lignin and lipids by wet chemical methods. 14C activity measurements indicate that at the oldest site, comparable amounts of carbon accumulated in the first few centimetres of the soil profile than in natural forest soils. 13C CPMAS NMR spectra of the organic matter in the Ai horizons of the three soil profiles were dominated by aromatic and alkyl carbon species characteristic for lignite, but indicated as well an increasing contribution of carbon species from decomposing plant litter with soil age. When the results from wet chemical analyses were normalised to the total carbon content no changes with age could be noticed. After normalisation of the amount of litter compounds to the recent carbon content, the carbon identified by plant litter compound analysis decreased with increasing depth and increasing age of the soils. After 32 years the values are comparable to those of natural forest soils. These observations were confirmed by increasing degree of lignin alteration with stand age and soil depth. The data of wet chemical analyses complement data obtained by 14C activity measurements and 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy and lead to the conclusion that 32 years after reforestation the degree of humification of the soil organic matter is in the same range as those of natural sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004454826537
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