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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 34 (2004), S. 123-150 
    ISSN: 1531-7331
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Carbon nanotubes functionalized with biological molecules (such as protein peptides and nucleic acids) show great potential for application in bioengineering and nanotechnology. Fundamental understanding, description, and regulation of such bio-nano-systems will ultimately lead to a new generation of integrated systems that combine unique properties of the carbon nanotube (CNT) with biological recognition capabilities. In this review, we describe recent advances in understanding the interactions between deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) and CNT, as well as relevant simulation techniques. We also review progress in simulating DNA noncovalent interactions with CNTs in an aqueous environment. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that DNA molecules may be encapsulated inside or wrap around CNT owing to van der Waals attraction between DNA and CNT. We focus on the dynamics and energetics of DNA encapsulation inside nanotubes and discuss the mechanism of encapsulation and the effects of nanotube size, nanotube end-group, DNA base sequence, solvent temperature and pressure on the encapsulation process. Finally, we discuss the likely impact of DNA encapsulation on bioengineering and nanotechnology, as well as other potential applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Materials Research 29 (1999), S. 173-209 
    ISSN: 0084-6600
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Heteroepitaxial structures with strained semiconductor thin films are widely used in electronic and optoelectronic devices. One of the more important defect creation processes in these films is related to a stress-induced morphological instability that tends to roughen the film surface by mass diffusion during film growth or annealing. Interestingly, the same mechanism of surface roughening can be utilized for fabrication of quantum dot devices. This article gives an overview of a series of theoretical and experimental studies on surface roughening in heteroepitaxial films. It is shown that the strain caused by lattice mismatch drives the diffusional atomic flux along the film surface in such a way that an initially flat film evolves into an undulating profile with cusp-like surface valleys with singular stress concentration near the cusp tip. The essential features of this evolution process are described by a family of mathematical curves called cycloids. The fundamental length and time scales associated with surface roughening can be obtained from thermodynamic and kinetic considerations. The stress concentration at cycloid-like surface valleys caused by roughening is found to create dislocations of various characters that participate in the overall strain relaxation of a heterostructure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 439 (2006), S. 307-310 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] As the speed of a crack propagating through a brittle material increases, a dynamical instability leads to an increased roughening of the fracture surface. Cracks moving at low speeds create atomically flat mirror-like surfaces; at higher speeds, rougher, less reflective (‘mist’) and finally ...
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 426 (2003), S. 141-146 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The elasticity of a solid can vary depending on its state of deformation. For example, metals will soften and polymers may stiffen as they are deformed to levels approaching failure. It is only when the deformation is infinitesimally small that elastic moduli can be considered constant, and hence ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of computer-aided materials design 6 (1999), S. 137-144 
    ISSN: 1573-4900
    Keywords: Dislocations ; Plasticity ; Supersonic motion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The answer to the question how fast a dislocation can travel through a crystal is at the heart of understanding the dynamics of mechanical deformation. Until recently it was believed that dislocations cannot surmount the sound barrier at the shear wave velocity since the energy of the dislocation has a singularity there. Using atomistic simulation we have then shown that dislocations can in fact move faster than the speed of sound if they are subjected to high shear stresses and if they are already created as supersonic dislocations at a strong stress concentration. In this manuscript the nucleation conditions are elaborated in more detail and the atomistic simulations are analysed further. To do so, the energetics and the forces on supersonic dislocations are studied in the framework of the Peierls model.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 103 (2000), S. 373-395 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Keywords: Critical fracture spacing to layer thickness ratio ; edge fractures ; finite element modeling ; layered materials ; stability of fracture propagation ; stress state transition.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Opening-mode fractures developed from a free surface in a layered material often terminate at the interface that divides the fractured layer and the underlying layer. They also display regular spacing that is of the same order of magnitude as the thickness of the fractured layer. We have investigated the stress distribution between two adjacent edge fractures as a function of the ratio of fracture spacing to thickness of the fractured layer using a two-layer elastic model with a fractured top layer. The results show that when the ratio of fracture spacing to the layer thickness changes from greater than to less than a critical value the normal stress acting perpendicular to the fractures near the free surface changes from tensile to compressive. This stress state transition precludes further infilling of fractures unless they are driven by mechanisms other than a pure extension, or there are flaws that significantly perturb the local stress field between the fractures. Hence, the critical fracture spacing to layer thickness ratio defines a lower limit for fractures driven by extension, which also defines the condition of fracture saturation. The critical value of the fracture spacing to layer thickness ratio is independent of the average strain of the fractured layer, and it increases with increasing ratio of Young's modulus of the fractured layer to that of the underlying layer. The critical value increases with increasing Poisson's ratio of the fractured layer, but it decreases with increasing Poisson's ratio of the underlying layer. For the case with the same elastic constants for the fractured layer and the underlying layer, the critical spacing to layer thickness ratio is about 3.1. Delamination between the fractured layer and the underlying layer makes the critical spacing to layer thickness ratio much greater. Infilling fractures grow more easily from flaws located near the bottom of the fractured layer than from those located near the free surface when the spacing to layer thickness ratio is less than the critical value. The propagation of an edge flaw between adjacent edge fractures is unstable, but for the flaw to propagate to the interface, its height has to be greater than a critical size, that decreases with increasing fracture spacing to layer thickness ratio. The propagation behavior of an internal flaw with its lower tip at the interface depends on the edge fracture spacing to layer thickness ratio. The propagation is unstable, when the fracture spacing to layer thickness ratio is greater than a critical value; stable, when the fracture spacing to layer thickness ratio is less than another critical value; and first unstable, then stable, and/or unstable again, when the fracture spacing to layer thickness ratio is between these two critical values.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 33 (1987), S. 155-174 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On applique la méthode proposée par Rice (1985) pour la solution du champ élastique d'une fissure dont le front s'écarte d'une forme de référence, à la solution des problèmes d'élasticité relatifs à des fissure planaires sensiblement circulaires et soumises à tension sous l'effet de distribution de charges arbitraires. La méthode est basée sur la connaissance du facteur d'intensité de contraintes le long d'une fissure circulaire, soumise à un couple de forces d'ouverture par coin qui agissent sur sa surface. Pour ce facteur d'intensité de contrainte et des distributions données du déplacement d'ouverture de la fissure, on déduit une solution complète, exacte au premier ordre, décrivant la déviation par rapport à la forme circulaire. Les résultats obtenus pour une perturbation suivant une onde harmonique suggérent qu'une fissure circulaire soumise à sollicitation axi-symétrique, peut présenter une configuration instable, c'est-à-dire croîte selon une forme autre que circulaire, en présence de sollicitations croissant en intensité au fur et à mesure que l'on s'éloigne du centre. La même forme de variation en fonction de la longueur d'arc le long du bord de la fissure est constatée pour des fissures circulaires soumis à des perturbations de forme harmonique, en ce qui regarde le facteur d'intensité de contraintes; ceci avait été trouvé dans un travail précédent pour des fissures hémiplanaires. Pour tester la solution des perturbations, on considère qu'une fissure elliptique plane sous tension est une évolution perturbée d'une fissure circulaire. On compare les résultats dérivés des formules de perturbations et mis sous forme numérique aux solutions exactes disponibles dans la littérature. On trouve que l'accord est excellent, même dans le cas où les longueurs des demi-axes de l'ellipse sont dans un rapport de deux (voire trois) pour des conditions spéciales de position de la fissure circulaire de référence. Ceci suggère que la méthode des perturbations présentées, si elle n'est théoriquement exacte que pour le premier ordre, peut à l'usage produire des résultats acceptables dans le cas de fissures planaires dont la forme dévie de manière appréciable d'une forme circulaire.
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we apply the method developed by Rice [1], of solving for the elastic field of a crack with a front perturbed from some reference shape, to solve the elasticity problems of somewhat circular planar tensile cracks under arbitrary load distributions. The method is based on a known solution for the stress intensity factor along a circular crack due to a pair of wedge-opening point forces on its surfaces. A full solution, accurate to first order in the deviation from a circular shape, is derived for the stress intensity factor and the crack opening displacement distributions. The results of a perturbation in a harmonic wave form suggest that a circular crack, under axially symmetric loading, can be configurationally unstable (not grow as a circle) for loadings that increase in intensity with distance from the center. Circular cracks with harmonic shape perturbations are found to have the same form of variation of the stress intensity factor with arc length along the crack edge (to first order accuracy) as found in previous work for a half plane crack. As a test case for the perturbation solution, an elliptical planar tensile crack under uniform tension is viewed as being perturbed from a circular crack. Results derived from the perturbation formulae through numerical evaluation are compared with the exact solutions existing in the literature. The perturbation results show a very good match with the exact solutions even when the semi-axis lengths of the elliptical crack differ by a factor of two (and by as much as a factor of three when special choices of the reference circular crack location are made). This suggests that the perturbation procedure presented here, while theoretically exact only to first order, can be used to produce acceptable results for some planar cracks whose shapes deviate appreciably from a circle.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 55 (1992), S. R33 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 45 (1990), S. 131-143 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Circular and nearly circular connections between two elastic half-spaces subjected to a uniform mismatch strain are analyzed using three dimensional weight function theory. The solution for a circular connection is obtained by superposing on the weight function solutions derived by Gao [1]. For mismatched connections whose shapes differ slightly from circles we use first order perturbation formulae presented in [2] to calculate the stress intensity factors and develop a solution by Fourier series by considering harmonic wave form perturbations of the crack front position.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of fracture 56 (1992), S. 139-158 
    ISSN: 1573-2673
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper extends the Bueckner-Rice weight function method to interface crack problems in anisotropic bimaterials. This method allows one to use a known crack solution to determine any other solutions for the same geometry. It is shown that, other than a different moduli matrix, the interface weight function relation is formally identical to that in the homogeneous case, and many existing results for homogeneous crack analysis can be directly applied to the interface crack problem. For collinear cracks between two elastic half-spaces satisfying a non-oscillatory condition, a correspondence principle is established so that an anisotropic crack solution could be obtained by simply ‘vectorizing’ the corresponding isotropic solution.
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