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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2000-03-24
    Description: We constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based physical map of chromosomes 2 and 3 of Drosophila melanogaster, which constitute 81% of the genome. Sequence tagged site (STS) content, restriction fingerprinting, and polytene chromosome in situ hybridization approaches were integrated to produce a map spanning the euchromatin. Three of five remaining gaps are in repeat-rich regions near the centromeres. A tiling path of clones spanning this map and STS maps of chromosomes X and 4 was sequenced to low coverage; the maps and tiling path sequence were used to support and verify the whole-genome sequence assembly, and tiling path BACs were used as templates in sequence finishing.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hoskins, R A -- Nelson, C R -- Berman, B P -- Laverty, T R -- George, R A -- Ciesiolka, L -- Naeemuddin, M -- Arenson, A D -- Durbin, J -- David, R G -- Tabor, P E -- Bailey, M R -- DeShazo, D R -- Catanese, J -- Mammoser, A -- Osoegawa, K -- de Jong, P J -- Celniker, S E -- Gibbs, R A -- Rubin, G M -- Scherer, S E -- HG00750/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2271-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. hoskins@bdgp.lbl.gov〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731150" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Centromere/genetics ; Chromatin/genetics ; Chromosomes, Bacterial/genetics ; Cloning, Molecular ; *Contig Mapping ; DNA Fingerprinting ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics ; Euchromatin ; Gene Library ; Genes, Insect ; Genetic Markers ; Genetic Vectors ; *Genome ; In Situ Hybridization ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Restriction Mapping ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Tagged Sites ; Telomere/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2000-03-24
    Description: Collections of nonredundant, full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) clones for each of the model organisms and humans will be important resources for studies of gene structure and function. We describe a general strategy for producing such collections and its implementation, which so far has generated a set of cDNAs corresponding to over 40% of the genes in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rubin, G M -- Hong, L -- Brokstein, P -- Evans-Holm, M -- Frise, E -- Stapleton, M -- Harvey, D A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2222-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731138" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3' Untranslated Regions ; 5' Untranslated Regions ; Animals ; Cloning, Molecular ; *DNA, Complementary ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; *Gene Library ; *Genes, Insect ; Open Reading Frames
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2000-03-24
    Description: We report on the quality of a whole-genome assembly of Drosophila melanogaster and the nature of the computer algorithms that accomplished it. Three independent external data sources essentially agree with and support the assembly's sequence and ordering of contigs across the euchromatic portion of the genome. In addition, there are isolated contigs that we believe represent nonrepetitive pockets within the heterochromatin of the centromeres. Comparison with a previously sequenced 2.9- megabase region indicates that sequencing accuracy within nonrepetitive segments is greater than 99. 99% without manual curation. As such, this initial reconstruction of the Drosophila sequence should be of substantial value to the scientific community.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Myers, E W -- Sutton, G G -- Delcher, A L -- Dew, I M -- Fasulo, D P -- Flanigan, M J -- Kravitz, S A -- Mobarry, C M -- Reinert, K H -- Remington, K A -- Anson, E L -- Bolanos, R A -- Chou, H H -- Jordan, C M -- Halpern, A L -- Lonardi, S -- Beasley, E M -- Brandon, R C -- Chen, L -- Dunn, P J -- Lai, Z -- Liang, Y -- Nusskern, D R -- Zhan, M -- Zhang, Q -- Zheng, X -- Rubin, G M -- Adams, M D -- Venter, J C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2196-204.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Celera Genomics, Inc., 45 West Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. Gene.Myers@celera.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731133" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Algorithms ; Animals ; Chromatin/genetics ; *Computational Biology ; Contig Mapping ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics ; Euchromatin ; Genes, Insect ; *Genome ; Heterochromatin/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sequence Tagged Sites
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2000-03-25
    Description: The fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the most intensively studied organisms in biology and serves as a model system for the investigation of many developmental and cellular processes common to higher eukaryotes, including humans. We have determined the nucleotide sequence of nearly all of the approximately 120-megabase euchromatic portion of the Drosophila genome using a whole-genome shotgun sequencing strategy supported by extensive clone-based sequence and a high-quality bacterial artificial chromosome physical map. Efforts are under way to close the remaining gaps; however, the sequence is of sufficient accuracy and contiguity to be declared substantially complete and to support an initial analysis of genome structure and preliminary gene annotation and interpretation. The genome encodes approximately 13,600 genes, somewhat fewer than the smaller Caenorhabditis elegans genome, but with comparable functional diversity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Adams, M D -- Celniker, S E -- Holt, R A -- Evans, C A -- Gocayne, J D -- Amanatides, P G -- Scherer, S E -- Li, P W -- Hoskins, R A -- Galle, R F -- George, R A -- Lewis, S E -- Richards, S -- Ashburner, M -- Henderson, S N -- Sutton, G G -- Wortman, J R -- Yandell, M D -- Zhang, Q -- Chen, L X -- Brandon, R C -- Rogers, Y H -- Blazej, R G -- Champe, M -- Pfeiffer, B D -- Wan, K H -- Doyle, C -- Baxter, E G -- Helt, G -- Nelson, C R -- Gabor, G L -- Abril, J F -- Agbayani, A -- An, H J -- Andrews-Pfannkoch, C -- Baldwin, D -- Ballew, R M -- Basu, A -- Baxendale, J -- Bayraktaroglu, L -- Beasley, E M -- Beeson, K Y -- Benos, P V -- Berman, B P -- Bhandari, D -- Bolshakov, S -- Borkova, D -- Botchan, M R -- Bouck, J -- Brokstein, P -- Brottier, P -- Burtis, K C -- Busam, D A -- Butler, H -- Cadieu, E -- Center, A -- Chandra, I -- Cherry, J M -- Cawley, S -- Dahlke, C -- Davenport, L B -- Davies, P -- de Pablos, B -- Delcher, A -- Deng, Z -- Mays, A D -- Dew, I -- Dietz, S M -- Dodson, K -- Doup, L E -- Downes, M -- Dugan-Rocha, S -- Dunkov, B C -- Dunn, P -- Durbin, K J -- Evangelista, C C -- Ferraz, C -- Ferriera, S -- Fleischmann, W -- Fosler, C -- Gabrielian, A E -- Garg, N S -- Gelbart, W M -- Glasser, K -- Glodek, A -- Gong, F -- Gorrell, J H -- Gu, Z -- Guan, P -- Harris, M -- Harris, N L -- Harvey, D -- Heiman, T J -- Hernandez, J R -- Houck, J -- Hostin, D -- Houston, K A -- Howland, T J -- Wei, M H -- Ibegwam, C -- Jalali, M -- Kalush, F -- Karpen, G H -- Ke, Z -- Kennison, J A -- Ketchum, K A -- Kimmel, B E -- Kodira, C D -- Kraft, C -- Kravitz, S -- Kulp, D -- Lai, Z -- Lasko, P -- Lei, Y -- Levitsky, A A -- Li, J -- Li, Z -- Liang, Y -- Lin, X -- Liu, X -- Mattei, B -- McIntosh, T C -- McLeod, M P -- McPherson, D -- Merkulov, G -- Milshina, N V -- Mobarry, C -- Morris, J -- Moshrefi, A -- Mount, S M -- Moy, M -- Murphy, B -- Murphy, L -- Muzny, D M -- Nelson, D L -- Nelson, D R -- Nelson, K A -- Nixon, K -- Nusskern, D R -- Pacleb, J M -- Palazzolo, M -- Pittman, G S -- Pan, S -- Pollard, J -- Puri, V -- Reese, M G -- Reinert, K -- Remington, K -- Saunders, R D -- Scheeler, F -- Shen, H -- Shue, B C -- Siden-Kiamos, I -- Simpson, M -- Skupski, M P -- Smith, T -- Spier, E -- Spradling, A C -- Stapleton, M -- Strong, R -- Sun, E -- Svirskas, R -- Tector, C -- Turner, R -- Venter, E -- Wang, A H -- Wang, X -- Wang, Z Y -- Wassarman, D A -- Weinstock, G M -- Weissenbach, J -- Williams, S M -- WoodageT -- Worley, K C -- Wu, D -- Yang, S -- Yao, Q A -- Ye, J -- Yeh, R F -- Zaveri, J S -- Zhan, M -- Zhang, G -- Zhao, Q -- Zheng, L -- Zheng, X H -- Zhong, F N -- Zhong, W -- Zhou, X -- Zhu, S -- Zhu, X -- Smith, H O -- Gibbs, R A -- Myers, E W -- Rubin, G M -- Venter, J C -- P50-HG00750/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003273/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2185-95.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Celera Genomics, 45 West Gude Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731132" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Transport/genetics ; Chromatin/genetics ; Cloning, Molecular ; Computational Biology ; Contig Mapping ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics ; DNA Repair/genetics ; DNA Replication/genetics ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/metabolism ; Euchromatin ; Gene Library ; Genes, Insect ; *Genome ; Heterochromatin/genetics ; Insect Proteins/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics ; Protein Biosynthesis ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000-03-24
    Description: The sequence of the Drosophila melanogaster genome presented in this issue of Science is the latest milestone in nine decades of research on this organism. Genetic and physical mapping, whole-genome mutational screens, and functional alteration of the genome by gene transfer were pioneered in metazoans with the use of this small fruit fly. Here we look at some of the instances in which work on Drosophila has led to major conceptual or technical breakthroughs in our understanding of animal genomes.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rubin, G M -- Lewis, E B -- HD06331/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2216-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731135" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Chromosome Mapping/history ; Cloning, Molecular ; Computational Biology/history ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics ; Genes, Insect ; Genetics/*history ; *Genome ; History, 20th Century ; Mutation ; Nobel Prize ; Physical Chromosome Mapping/history ; Recombination, Genetic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2000-03-24
    Description: A comparative analysis of the genomes of Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae-and the proteins they are predicted to encode-was undertaken in the context of cellular, developmental, and evolutionary processes. The nonredundant protein sets of flies and worms are similar in size and are only twice that of yeast, but different gene families are expanded in each genome, and the multidomain proteins and signaling pathways of the fly and worm are far more complex than those of yeast. The fly has orthologs to 177 of the 289 human disease genes examined and provides the foundation for rapid analysis of some of the basic processes involved in human disease.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754258/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2754258/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rubin, G M -- Yandell, M D -- Wortman, J R -- Gabor Miklos, G L -- Nelson, C R -- Hariharan, I K -- Fortini, M E -- Li, P W -- Apweiler, R -- Fleischmann, W -- Cherry, J M -- Henikoff, S -- Skupski, M P -- Misra, S -- Ashburner, M -- Birney, E -- Boguski, M S -- Brody, T -- Brokstein, P -- Celniker, S E -- Chervitz, S A -- Coates, D -- Cravchik, A -- Gabrielian, A -- Galle, R F -- Gelbart, W M -- George, R A -- Goldstein, L S -- Gong, F -- Guan, P -- Harris, N L -- Hay, B A -- Hoskins, R A -- Li, J -- Li, Z -- Hynes, R O -- Jones, S J -- Kuehl, P M -- Lemaitre, B -- Littleton, J T -- Morrison, D K -- Mungall, C -- O'Farrell, P H -- Pickeral, O K -- Shue, C -- Vosshall, L B -- Zhang, J -- Zhao, Q -- Zheng, X H -- Lewis, S -- P4IHG00739/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- P50HG00750/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM037193/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM037193-14/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM037193-15/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM060988/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM060988-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS040296/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01 NS040296-01/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2204-15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10731134" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Apoptosis/genetics ; Biological Evolution ; Caenorhabditis elegans/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Cell Adhesion/genetics ; Cell Cycle/genetics ; Drosophila melanogaster/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Fungal Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Genes, Duplicate ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn/genetics ; Genetics, Medical ; *Genome ; Helminth Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Humans ; Immunity/genetics ; Insect Proteins/chemistry/genetics ; Multigene Family ; Neoplasms/genetics ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; *Proteome ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Signal Transduction/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2002-10-05
    Description: Comparison of the genomes and proteomes of the two diptera Anopheles gambiae and Drosophila melanogaster, which diverged about 250 million years ago, reveals considerable similarities. However, numerous differences are also observed; some of these must reflect the selection and subsequent adaptation associated with different ecologies and life strategies. Almost half of the genes in both genomes are interpreted as orthologs and show an average sequence identity of about 56%, which is slightly lower than that observed between the orthologs of the pufferfish and human (diverged about 450 million years ago). This indicates that these two insects diverged considerably faster than vertebrates. Aligned sequences reveal that orthologous genes have retained only half of their intron/exon structure, indicating that intron gains or losses have occurred at a rate of about one per gene per 125 million years. Chromosomal arms exhibit significant remnants of homology between the two species, although only 34% of the genes colocalize in small "microsyntenic" clusters, and major interarm transfers as well as intra-arm shuffling of gene order are detected.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zdobnov, Evgeny M -- von Mering, Christian -- Letunic, Ivica -- Torrents, David -- Suyama, Mikita -- Copley, Richard R -- Christophides, George K -- Thomasova, Dana -- Holt, Robert A -- Subramanian, G Mani -- Mueller, Hans-Michael -- Dimopoulos, George -- Law, John H -- Wells, Michael A -- Birney, Ewan -- Charlab, Rosane -- Halpern, Aaron L -- Kokoza, Elena -- Kraft, Cheryl L -- Lai, Zhongwu -- Lewis, Suzanna -- Louis, Christos -- Barillas-Mury, Carolina -- Nusskern, Deborah -- Rubin, Gerald M -- Salzberg, Steven L -- Sutton, Granger G -- Topalis, Pantelis -- Wides, Ron -- Wincker, Patrick -- Yandell, Mark -- Collins, Frank H -- Ribeiro, Jose -- Gelbart, William M -- Kafatos, Fotis C -- Bork, Peer -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Oct 4;298(5591):149-59.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12364792" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anopheles/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Biological Evolution ; Chromosome Inversion ; Chromosomes/genetics ; Cluster Analysis ; Dosage Compensation, Genetic ; Drosophila Proteins/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/chemistry/*genetics/physiology ; Exons ; Gene Order ; Genes, Insect ; *Genome ; Insect Proteins/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Introns ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; *Proteome ; Pseudogenes ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Species Specificity ; Synteny
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 1990-12-07
    Description: In the development of multicellular organisms a diversity of cell types differentiate at specific positions. Spacing patterns, in which an array of two or more cell types forms from a uniform field of cells, are a common feature of development. Identical precursor cells may adopt different fates because of competition and inhibition between them. Such a pattern in the developing Drosophila eye is the evenly spaced array of R8 cells, around which other cell types are subsequently recruited. Genetic studies suggest that the scabrous mutation disrupts a signal produced by R8 cells that inhibits other cells from also becoming R8 cells. The scabrous locus was cloned, and it appears to encode a secreted protein partly related to the beta and gamma chains of fibrinogen. It is proposed that the sca locus encodes a lateral inhibitor of R8 differentiation. The roles of the Drosophila EGF-receptor homologue (DER) and Notch genes in this process were also investigated.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baker, N E -- Mlodzik, M -- Rubin, G M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1990 Dec 7;250(4986):1370-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley 94720.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2175046" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; DNA Transposable Elements ; Drosophila/anatomy & histology/*genetics/growth & development ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Eye/anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Fibrinogen/*genetics ; *Glycoproteins ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mosaicism ; *Mutation ; Phenotype ; Proteins/*genetics ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/genetics ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2012-07-20
    Description: Animals approach stimuli that predict a pleasant outcome. After the paired presentation of an odour and a reward, Drosophila melanogaster can develop a conditioned approach towards that odour. Despite recent advances in understanding the neural circuits for associative memory and appetitive motivation, the cellular mechanisms for reward processing in the fly brain are unknown. Here we show that a group of dopamine neurons in the protocerebral anterior medial (PAM) cluster signals sugar reward by transient activation and inactivation of target neurons in intact behaving flies. These dopamine neurons are selectively required for the reinforcing property of, but not a reflexive response to, the sugar stimulus. In vivo calcium imaging revealed that these neurons are activated by sugar ingestion and the activation is increased on starvation. The output sites of the PAM neurons are mainly localized to the medial lobes of the mushroom bodies (MBs), where appetitive olfactory associative memory is formed. We therefore propose that the PAM cluster neurons endow a positive predictive value to the odour in the MBs. Dopamine in insects is known to mediate aversive reinforcement signals. Our results highlight the cellular specificity underlying the various roles of dopamine and the importance of spatially segregated local circuits within the MBs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Liu, Chang -- Placais, Pierre-Yves -- Yamagata, Nobuhiro -- Pfeiffer, Barret D -- Aso, Yoshinori -- Friedrich, Anja B -- Siwanowicz, Igor -- Rubin, Gerald M -- Preat, Thomas -- Tanimoto, Hiromu -- R01 MH081982/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2012 Aug 23;488(7412):512-6. doi: 10.1038/nature11304.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max-Planck-Institut fur Neurobiologie, Martinsried 82152, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22810589" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Appetitive Behavior/physiology ; Calcium Signaling ; Dendrites/physiology ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Dopaminergic Neurons/cytology/*physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/*cytology/*physiology ; Memory/*physiology ; Mushroom Bodies/cytology/metabolism ; Odors/*analysis ; *Reward ; Smell/genetics/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2013-08-09
    Description: The extraction of directional motion information from changing retinal images is one of the earliest and most important processing steps in any visual system. In the fly optic lobe, two parallel processing streams have been anatomically described, leading from two first-order interneurons, L1 and L2, via T4 and T5 cells onto large, wide-field motion-sensitive interneurons of the lobula plate. Therefore, T4 and T5 cells are thought to have a pivotal role in motion processing; however, owing to their small size, it is difficult to obtain electrical recordings of T4 and T5 cells, leaving their visual response properties largely unknown. We circumvent this problem by means of optical recording from these cells in Drosophila, using the genetically encoded calcium indicator GCaMP5 (ref. 2). Here we find that specific subpopulations of T4 and T5 cells are directionally tuned to one of the four cardinal directions; that is, front-to-back, back-to-front, upwards and downwards. Depending on their preferred direction, T4 and T5 cells terminate in specific sublayers of the lobula plate. T4 and T5 functionally segregate with respect to contrast polarity: whereas T4 cells selectively respond to moving brightness increments (ON edges), T5 cells only respond to moving brightness decrements (OFF edges). When the output from T4 or T5 cells is blocked, the responses of postsynaptic lobula plate neurons to moving ON (T4 block) or OFF edges (T5 block) are selectively compromised. The same effects are seen in turning responses of tethered walking flies. Thus, starting with L1 and L2, the visual input is split into separate ON and OFF pathways, and motion along all four cardinal directions is computed separately within each pathway. The output of these eight different motion detectors is then sorted such that ON (T4) and OFF (T5) motion detectors with the same directional tuning converge in the same layer of the lobula plate, jointly providing the input to downstream circuits and motion-driven behaviours.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maisak, Matthew S -- Haag, Juergen -- Ammer, Georg -- Serbe, Etienne -- Meier, Matthias -- Leonhardt, Aljoscha -- Schilling, Tabea -- Bahl, Armin -- Rubin, Gerald M -- Nern, Aljoscha -- Dickson, Barry J -- Reiff, Dierk F -- Hopp, Elisabeth -- Borst, Alexander -- England -- Nature. 2013 Aug 8;500(7461):212-6. doi: 10.1038/nature12320.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23925246" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Drosophila/cytology/*physiology ; Interneurons/physiology ; Locomotion/physiology ; Motion Perception/*physiology ; Neurons/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Visual Pathways/cytology/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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