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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Industrial & engineering chemistry 24 (1932), S. 676-678 
    ISSN: 1520-5045
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd.
    Molecular microbiology 43 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The sie2009 gene, which is situated between the genes encoding the repressor and integrase, on the lysogeny module of the temperate lactococcal bacteriophage Tuc2009, was shown to mediate a phage-resistance phenotype in Lactococcus lactis against a number of bacteriophages. The Sie2009 protein is associated with the cell membrane and its expression leaves phage adsorption, transfection and plasmid transformation unaffected, but interferes with plasmid transduction, as well as phage replication. These observations indicate that this resistance is as a result of DNA injection blocking, thus representing a novel superinfection exclusion system. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based strategy was used to screen a number of lactococcal strains for the presence of other prophage-encoded phage-resistance systems. This screening resulted in the identification of two such systems, without homology to sie2009, which were shown to mediate a phage-resistance phenotype similar to that conferred by sie2009. To our knowledge, this is the first description of a phage-encoded superinfection exclusion/injection blocking mechanism in the genus Lactococcus.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: This study identifies a natural system in Lactococcus lactis, in which a restriction modification specificity subunit resident on a 6159 bp plasmid (pAH33) alters the specificity of a functional R/M mechanism encoded by a 20.3 kb plasmid, pAH82. The new specificity was identified after phenotypic and molecular analysis of a 26.5 kb co-integrate plasmid (pAH90), which was detected after bacteriophage challenge of the parent strain. Analysis of the regions involved in the co-integration revealed that two novel hybrid hsdS genes had been formed during the co-integration event. The HsdS chimeras had interchanged the C- and N-terminal variable domains of the parent subunits, generating two new restriction specificities. Comparison of the parent hsdS genes with other type I specificity determinants revealed that the region of the hsdS genes responsible for the co-integration event is highly conserved among lactococcal type I hsdS determinants. Thus, as hsdS determinants are widespread in the genus Lactococcus, new restriction specificities may evolve rapidly after homologous recombination between these genes. This study demonstrates that, similar to previous observations in Gram-negative bacteria, a Gram-positive bacterium can acquire novel restriction specificities naturally through domain shuffling of resident HsdS subunits.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 57 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: The LlaJI restriction/modification (R/M) system is comprised of two 5mC MTase-encoding genes, llaJIM1 and llaJIM2, and two genes required for restriction  activity, llaJIR1  and llaJIR2.  Here,  we  report the molecular mechanism by which this R/M system is transcriptionally regulated. The recognition sequence for the LlaJI MTases was deduced to be 5′GACGC′3 for M1.LlaJI and 5′GCGTC′3 for M2.LlaJI, thus together constituting an asymmetric complementary recognition site. Two recognition sequences for both LlaJI MTases are present within the LlaJI promoter region, indicative of an epigenetic role. Following in vivo analysis of expression of the LlaJI promoter, we established that both LlaJI MTases were required for complete transcriptional repression. A mutational analysis and DNA binding studies of this promoter revealed that the methylation of two specific cytosines by M2.LlaJI within this region was required to trigger the specific and high affinity binding of M1.LlaJI, which serves to regulate expression of the LlaJI operon. This regulatory system therefore represents the amalgamation of an epigenetic stimulation coupled to the formation of a MTase/repressor:promoter complex.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: : One control and 3 juices fortified with probiotic microorganisms (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus casei Imunitass®, or Lactobacillus paracasei NFBC 43338) were manufactured and analyzed by a descriptive panel (n = 9). Results showed that the 4 juices had significantly different sensory profiles (p 〈 0.05). The control juice was described as‘orange,’'sweet,’and‘astringent’, while the probiotic products were described as containing‘dairy,’'savory,’and‘medicinal’flavors. Next, consumers (n = 75) tasted and evaluated their'Overall Liking’of the 4 samples in a laboratory environment, using 100 mm line scales, and a ranking methodology. Then consumers were assigned into 4 balanced groups. Consumers took home seven 100 mL bottles of one of the juice products, depending on their group number, and consumed one bottle each day for 7 d. After 7 d of in-home usage, consumers returned to the laboratory for post-exposure sensory analysis. Results showed that exposure to probiotic orange juice enhances consumer acceptance. Specifically, groups exposed to Lactobacillus casei Imunitass® (n = 18) and Lactobacillus paracasei NFBC 43338 (n = 19) probiotic drinks showed significant increases (p 〈 0.05) in their‘Overall Liking’post-exposure, while the group exposed to Lactobacillus rhamnonus GG (n = 19) demonstrated a slight increase in their‘Overall Liking’post-exposure. The control group (n = 19) rated the control sample significantly lower post-exposure (p= 0.02). Therefore, exposure to and familiarity with probiotic drinks helps to improve consumer acceptance and liking for the sensory characteristics of probiotic juices.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Company
    Nature biotechnology 15 (1997), S. 950-951 
    ISSN: 1546-1696
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: [Auszug] The production of cheese and a range of other fermented foods is one of the oldest manifestations of biotechnology1. Many consumers consider cheese to be a delicacy with exquisite taste and aroma characteristics and would recoil at the thought of using genetically manipulated cultures in the ...
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 210 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Four lactococcal abortive infection mechanisms were introduced into strains which were sensitive hosts for P335 type phages and plaque assay experiments performed to assess their effect on five lactococcal bacteriophages from this family. Results indicate that AbiA inhibits all five P335 phages tested, while AbiG affects φP335 itself and φQ30 but not the other P335 species phages. AbiA was shown to retard phage Q30 DNA replication as previously reported for other phages. It was also demonstrated that AbiG, previously shown to act at a point after DNA replication in the cases of c2 type and 936 type phages, acts at the level of, or prior to phage Q30 DNA replication. AbiE and AbiF had no effect on the P335 type phages examined.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 182 (2000), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Bacteriophage 712 is a small isometric-headed phage which is sensitive to the lactococcal abortive infection mechanism AbiF. Its 29.6-kb DNA genome was characterized by restriction mapping and transcriptional analysis. Construction of a gene bank of lactococcal phage sk1, which is insensitive to the action of AbiF, in Lactococcus lactis containing AbiF resulted in the identification of a 324-bp DNA fragment which reduced the effect of the abortive infection mechanism on phage 712. Analysis of this region provided evidence that the action of AbiF is related to the cos ends of small isometric-headed phages. Sequence analysis of a 3.2-kb segment containing the middle operon and the cos ends of phage 712 genome allowed comparison of this part of the phage 712 genome with the equivalent sequences of four other small isometric-headed phages.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology letters 156 (1997), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1574-6968
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was proven to be an efficient means of differentiating 25 strains of Bifidobacterium obtained from culture collections. XbaI, SpeI, DraI restriction enzyme profiles indicated genomic heterogeneity among strains. When seven human isolates of bifidobacteria were compared using the same methods, two individual banding patterns were obtained. However, despite its discriminatory potential, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was shown to be of no value in taxonomic identification. Genomic sizes estimated for eight Bifidobacterium strains ranged from 1.5 Mb to 2.1 Mb.
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