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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Entwicklung der Gewässeracidität im Schwarzwald — sind depositionsbedingte Veränderungen erkennbar? (1995)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 82 (1995), S. 420-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01133676
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Entwicklung der Gewässeracidität im Schwarzwald – sind depositionsbedingte Veränderungen erkennbar? (1995)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 82 (1995), S. 420-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01133676
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemismus von Schwarzwaldgewässern während der Schneeschmelze 1984 (1985)
    Springer
    Naturwissenschaften 72 (1985), S. 268-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1904
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00448688
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solute fluxes and sulfur cycling in forested catchments in SW Germany as influenced by experimental (NH4)2SO4 treatments (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 79 (1995), S. 109-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Results are presented from the research project Arinus which investigates biogeochemical cycling in Norway spruce (Picea abies KARST.) ecosystems in the Black Forest (SW Germany) and effects of experimental (NH4 2SO4 additions. The interaction of the terrestrial and aquatic system is assessed using an integrated approach which combines flux measurements in representative plots on the stand level with input-output budgets of small catchments. The approach, field installations and experimental manipulations are described. Results from element flux measurements in the untreated systems are presented and processes controlling N and S transformations are discussed for two catchments representing contrasting site conditions. Even though the S budget is negative for both systems there is a distinct difference in the relation between organicvs. inorganic S fractions in the soil. Sulfate mineralization and desorption, respectively are discussed as controlling processes. Sulfate retention is not only a function of soil properties, but also of water fluxes and pathways. The uptake of added SO 4 2− was highly controlled by the counter-cation. Microbial N retention in the soil was highly influenced by the site management history. The extent of streamwater acidification was highly dependent on the transformations and mobility of N and S in the soils which in turn controlled cation leaching and alkalinity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01100433
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An integrated watershed/plot-scale study of element cycling in spruce ecosystems of the black forest (1990)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 54 (1990), S. 545-560 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The research project ARINUS is the study of the effects of restabilization measures (fertilization with rapidly soluble Mg salts) and atmospheric deposition on the element cycling of typical spruce ecosystems in the Black Forest. The objective is to quantify the natural and anthropogenic components of element cycling at these sites which will provide a better estimation of the effects induced by external perturbations,e.g. increasing atmospheric deposition, fertilization, or biomass export. Interrelations between the terrestrial and aquatic system are assessed using an integrated approach which combines flux measurements in representative plots with balances of small experimental watersheds. This paper describes the approach, treatments, field installations, methods, and site conditions of one of the two research areas. Furthermore, preliminary results from element inventories and watershed input-output budgets are discussed. According to the distribution of Mg in the ecosystem, the experimental area Schluchsee is a typical Mg deficient site. Magnesium losses result from leaching both from the canopy and the superficially rooted top soil. Since atmospheric deposition is low, cation export is primarily controlled by the ecosystem's internal production of acids. This excess mineralization in the soil is attributed to a change from the original mixed forest to the present spruce monoculture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02385153
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of fertilization with MgSO4 and (NH4)2SO4 on soil solution chemistry, mycorrhiza and nutrient content of fine roots in a Norway spruce stand (1990)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 54 (1990), S. 453-467 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper focuses on the short-term reaction of fine root and mycorrhiza on changes in soil solution chemistry following application of MgSO4 (Kieserite) and (NH4)2SO4 (ammonium sulfate). The experiments were conducted within the ARINUS Experimental Watershed Area near Schluchsee in the Black Forest (SW Germany). Yellowing of the older needles as related to Mg deficiency was the typical symptom observed within this 45 yr old Norway spruce stand. On the N treated plot the relative mycorrhiza frequency declined and the percentage of nonmycorrhizal root tips increased, whereas in the Mg fertilized plot these parameters did not differ from the control. The observed changes cannot be caused by A1, because elevated concentrations of potentially toxic A1 species and extremely low Ca/A1 molar ratios appeared in the soil solution of both treatments and did not result in reduced growth of long roots as reported from solution culture experiments. Moreover, the A1 content of fine roots did not increase. Therefore, it is concluded that the thresholds for A1 toxicity derived from solution culture experiments with nonmycorrhizal seedlings cannot be transferred to forest stands. A direct toxic effect of elevated NH 4 + concentrations on mycorrhiza is unlikely, but cannot be excluded. Enhanced root growth due to a higher uptake of NH 4 + from soil solution may provide a more plausible explanation for the observed increase in the percentage of nonmycorrhizal root tips after N application. Even though the N content of fine roots did not increase, the diminished K content gives some indirect indication for NH 4 + uptake by the roots. This is also consistent with reduced Mg content due to NH 4 + /Mg2+ antagonism. On the MgSO4 treated plot, Mg contents of the fine roots increased thus reflecting Mg uptake by the deficient stand.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02385238
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of sulphur cycling in managed forest stands by means of stable S-isotope analysis (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 168-169 (1995), S. 399-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: managed forest stands ; stable isotopes ; sulphur cycling ; S-turnover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sulphur cycling was evaluated in a 20 to 60 year old Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) ecosystem in the Black Forest near Schluchsee, SW Germany, by means of stable sulphur isotope analysis. Soil and plant material were analysed for S-content and S-isotopic composition to gather information on the S-distribution in the ecosystem. Two out of three adjacent watershed areas, highly comparable to each other were fertilized with MgSO4 and (NH4)2SO4 respectively, where sulphate was enriched in the 34S-isotope compared to the sulphur present in the ecosystem. As the fertilizer S served as a tracer, comparison of the S-isotopic composition of total and inorganic S in the soil and S in spruce needles from both the treated and the control sites led to new information of S-turnover processes. The S-isotopic composition of spruce needles changed markedly after the fertilizer application. Within half a year a shift towards the S-isotopic composition of the fertilizers sulphate indicated uptake of the sulphate by the trees, although this uptake did not become visible with the S content of the needles. Regarding the soil, a shift in the S-isotopic composition of the total sulphur was not that striking as with the needles, although the phosphate extractable sulphate showed a clear shift towards the S-isotopic composition of the fertilizer sulphate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029353
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of the ecological effects of forest fertilization using an experimental watershed approach (1991)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 27 (1991), S. 49-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Forest fertilization ; ecology ; magnesium ; sulfur ; nutrient cycling ; watershed budget
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the research project ARINUS, the effects of restabilization measures (fertilization with readily soluble MgSO4) on the element cycling of Norway spruce ecosystems in the Black Forest (SW Germany) are studied. The objective is to quantify the natural and anthropogenic components of element cycling. Interrelations between the terrestrial and aquatic subsystem are assessed using an integrated approach which combines flux measurements in representative plots with input/output balances of small experimental watersheds. The paper discusses the initial effects of a whole-watershed treatment with Kieserite (750 kg ha−1 MgSO4 · H2O) based on the Mg and S cycling in the control watershed. With the fertilizer, 130 kg ha−1 Mg and 170 kg ha−1 S were introduced into the system. Fertilization resulted in increased levels of Mg and S in the needles. Despite high inorganic Al concentrations and extremely low Ca/Al ratios in soil solution, there was no evidence for ‘Al toxicity’. Since fertilizer losses from the system 1 1/2 years (2 growing seasons) after the treatment have been modest, surface water was hardly been affected. More than 75% of the applied Mg has remained in the ecosystem, primarily in the intensively rooted upper soil layer. Also S has been retained to a considerable extent. The mobility of fertilizer sulfate in acidic forest soils is substantially lower than has been hitherto assumed from laboratory experiments. Therefore, fertilization with readily soluble sulfate-based Mg fertilizers is recommended as an efficient and — in comparison to liming — less risky restabilization measure on sites with a high potential for nitrification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01048608
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen cycling in two Norway spruce (Picea abies) ecosystems and effects of a (NH4)2SO4 addition (1992)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 61 (1992), S. 295-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen cycling in two Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) ecosystems in the ARINUS experimental watershed areas Schluchsee and Villingen (Black Forest, SW Germany) and initial effects of a (NH4)2SO4 treatment are discussed. Although N reserves in the soils are similar and atmospheric N input is the same low to moderate level characteristic for many forested areas in SW Germany, N export by both seepage and streamwater differs considerably. At Villingen, deposited N is almost totally retained in the ecosystem, whereas at Schluchsee N export is the order of the input. This is explained by differences in forest management history. The Villingen site had been subject to excessive biomass export (e.g., litter raking) leading to unfavorable microbial transformations in the soil. In contrast, as a ‘relic’ of the former beech stand, the Schluchsee site is characterized by high biological activity in the soil with vigorous nitrification despite low pH values. Accordingly, the two ecosystems responded differently to the additional N input (150 kg NH4 + -N ha−1 as (NH4)2SO4). Nitrification starting immediately in the Schluchsee soils led to continued Al mobilization and leaching of basic cations and NO3 −. The availability of Mg, already deficient before treatment, further decreased due to Mg leaching and marked N uptake by the stand. In contrast, most of the added N in Villingen was immobilized in the soil. Hence, uptake by the stand and leaching of NO3 − and cations was correspondingly lower than at Schluchsee. The results emphasize the problems associated with the definition of generally applicable values for ‘critical loads’ of N deposition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00482612
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting snowmelt streamwater chemistry in the black forest (West Germany) (1986)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 31 (1986), S. 257-265 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Site conditions such as parent material, soils, but also vegetation cover and elevation explain the varying snowmelt streamwater chemistry in the Black Forest. The results are derived from multiple statistical analysis of a regional survey of 104 small mountain streams in the first phase of snowmelt in spring 1984. Cluster analysis classifies the snowmelt streams into three groups which are clearly linked to bedrock geology. Factor analysis finds podsolization, weathering and mineralization processes in the soils of the catchments to have most impact even under snowmelt conditions. There is no evidence that acidic atmospheric deposition directly affects the acidity of the investigated streams. However, the deposition rates are low compared to certain other regions in Central Europe. In areas with podsolic soils the organic soil layer plays a key role in the acidity and mobilization of Al and heavy metals. This is shown in the high correlations between pH, DOC, UV-extinction, color and metal concentrations. Because the concentrations of DOC are low (〈10 mg.L−1) and an anion deficit cannot be found, it is assumed that water acidity is not caused by dissolved humic acids, but by cations exchanged in the organic layer of acidic soils. Streamwater chemistry in areas with brown earth soil types is mainly affected by leaching of basic cations in the mineral soil horizons and mineral weathering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00630841
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