ALBERT

Description: With asymmetric information between investors and firms, credit availability is affected by the resale value of collateralized productive assets. If liquidation occurs, investors recover a greater value the higher the probability to find a buyer and the higher his willingness to pay to use the assets for production. We extend the idea of complementarities among firms in the same industry (as in Shleifer and Vishny, 1992) to study under which conditions credit availability is enhanced by competition in the product market when assets are industry specific.

Description: Monitoring volcanic phenomena is a key question, for both volcanological research and for civil protection purposes. This is particularly true in densely populated volcanic areas, like the Campi Flegrei caldera, which includes part of the large city of Naples (Italy). Borehole monitoring of volcanoes is the most promising way to improve classical methods of surface monitoring, although not commonly applied yet. Fiber optics technology is the most practical and suitable way to operate in such high temperature and aggressive environmental conditions. In this paper, we describe a fiber optics Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) sensor, which has been designed to continuously measure temperature all along a 500 m. deep well drilled in the west side of Naples (Bagnoli area), lying in the Campi Flegrei volcanic area. It has then been installed as part of the international ‘Campi Flegrei Deep Drilling Project’, and is continuously operating, giving insight on the time variation of temperature along the whole borehole depth. Such continuous monitoring of temperature can in turn indicate volcanic processes linked to magma dynamics and/or to changes in the hydrothermal system. The developed monitoring system, working at bottom temperatures higher than 100 °C, demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of using DTS for borehole volcanic monitoring.

Description: Large calderas are among the Earth's major volcanic features. They are associated with large magma reservoirs and elevated geothermal gradients. Caldera-forming eruptions result from the withdrawal and collapse of the magma chambers and produce large-volume pyroclastic deposits and later-stage deformation related to post-caldera resurgence and volcanism. Unrest episodes are not always followed by an eruption; however, every eruption is preceded by unrest. The Campi Flegrei caldera (CFc), located along the eastern Tyrrhenian coastline in southern Italy, is close to the densely populated area of Naples. It is one of the most dangerous volcanoes on Earth and represents a key example of an active, resurgent caldera. It has been traditionally interpreted as a nested caldera formed by collapses during the 100–200 km3 Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) eruption at ∼39 ka and the 40 km3 eruption of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (NYT) at ∼15 ka. Recent studies have suggested that the CI may instead have been fed by a fissure eruption from the Campanian Plain, north of Campi Flegrei. A MagellanPlus workshop was held in Naples, Italy, on 25–28 February 2017 to explore the potential of the CFc as target for an amphibious drilling project within the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) and the International Continental Drilling Program (ICDP). It was agreed that Campi Flegrei is an ideal site to investigate the mechanisms of caldera formation and associated post-caldera dynamics and to analyze the still poorly understood interplay between hydrothermal and magmatic processes. A coordinated onshore–offshore drilling strategy has been developed to reconstruct the structure and evolution of Campi Flegrei and to investigate volcanic precursors by examining (a) the succession of volcanic and hydrothermal products and related processes, (b) the inner structure of the caldera resurgence, (c) the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the hydrothermal system and offshore sediments, and (d) the geological expression of the phreatic and hydromagmatic eruptions, hydrothermal degassing, sedimentary structures, and other records of these phenomena. The deployment of a multiparametric in situ monitoring system at depth will enable near-real-time tracking of changes in the magma reservoir and hydrothermal system.

Description: Large calderas are among the Earth's major volcanic features. They are associated with large magma reservoirs and elevated geothermal gradients. Caldera-forming eruptions result from the withdrawal and collapse of the magma chambers and produce large-volume pyroclastic deposits and later-stage deformation related to post-caldera resurgence and volcanism. Unrest episodes are not always followed by an eruption; however, every eruption is preceded by unrest. The Campi Flegrei caldera (CFc), located along the eastern Tyrrhenian coastline in southern Italy, is close to the densely populated area of Naples. It is one of the most dangerous volcanoes on Earth and represents a key example of an active, resurgent caldera. It has been traditionally interpreted as a nested caldera formed by collapses during the 100–200 km3 Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) eruption at ∼39 ka and the 40 km3 eruption of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (NYT) at ∼15 ka. Recent studies have suggested that the CI may instead have been fed by a fissure eruption from the Campanian Plain, north of Campi Flegrei. A MagellanPlus workshop was held in Naples, Italy, on 25–28 February 2017 to explore the potential of the CFc as target for an amphibious drilling project within the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) and the International Continental Drilling Program (ICDP). It was agreed that Campi Flegrei is an ideal site to investigate the mechanisms of caldera formation and associated post-caldera dynamics and to analyze the still poorly understood interplay between hydrothermal and magmatic processes. A coordinated onshore–offshore drilling strategy has been developed to reconstruct the structure and evolution of Campi Flegrei and to investigate volcanic precursors by examining (a) the succession of volcanic and hydrothermal products and related processes, (b) the inner structure of the caldera resurgence, (c) the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the hydrothermal system and offshore sediments, and (d) the geological expression of the phreatic and hydromagmatic eruptions, hydrothermal degassing, sedimentary structures, and other records of these phenomena. The deployment of a multiparametric in situ monitoring system at depth will enable near-real-time tracking of changes in the magma reservoir and hydrothermal system.

Description: Large calderas are among the Earth's major volcanic features. They are associated with large magma reservoirs and elevated geothermal gradients. Caldera-forming eruptions result from the withdrawal and collapse of the magma chambers and produce large-volume pyroclastic deposits and later-stage deformation related to post-caldera resurgence and volcanism. Unrest episodes are not always followed by an eruption; however, every eruption is preceded by unrest. The Campi Flegrei caldera (CFc), located along the eastern Tyrrhenian coastline in southern Italy, is close to the densely populated area of Naples. It is one of the most dangerous volcanoes on Earth and represents a key example of an active, resurgent caldera. It has been traditionally interpreted as a nested caldera formed by collapses during the 100–200 km3 Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) eruption at ∼39 ka and the 40 km3 eruption of the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (NYT) at ∼15 ka. Recent studies have suggested that the CI may instead have been fed by a fissure eruption from the Campanian Plain, north of Campi Flegrei. A MagellanPlus workshop was held in Naples, Italy, on 25–28 February 2017 to explore the potential of the CFc as target for an amphibious drilling project within the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) and the International Continental Drilling Program (ICDP). It was agreed that Campi Flegrei is an ideal site to investigate the mechanisms of caldera formation and associated post-caldera dynamics and to analyze the still poorly understood interplay between hydrothermal and magmatic processes. A coordinated onshore–offshore drilling strategy has been developed to reconstruct the structure and evolution of Campi Flegrei and to investigate volcanic precursors by examining (a) the succession of volcanic and hydrothermal products and related processes, (b) the inner structure of the caldera resurgence, (c) the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the hydrothermal system and offshore sediments, and (d) the geological expression of the phreatic and hydromagmatic eruptions, hydrothermal degassing, sedimentary structures, and other records of these phenomena. The deployment of a multiparametric in situ monitoring system at depth will enable near-real-time tracking of changes in the magma reservoir and hydrothermal system.

Description: Published

Description: 29-46

Description: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The utility of new imaging technologies to better understand hazardous geological environments cannot be overstated. The combined use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and digital photogrammetry (DP) represents a rapidly evolving technique that permits geoscientists to obtain detailed spatial data. This can aid in rapid mapping and analyses of dynamic processes that are modifying contemporary landscapes, particularly through the creation of a time series of digital data to help monitor the geomorphological evolution of volcanic structures. Our study comprises a short-term (in geological terms) monitoring program of the dynamic and diffuse Pisciarelli degassing structure caused by the interplay between intensive rainfall and hydrothermal activity. This area, an unstable fumarole field located several hundred meters east of the Solfatara Crater of the Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy), is characterized by consistent soil degassing, fluid emission from ephemeral vents, and hot mud pools. This degassing activity is episodically accompanied by seismic swarms and macroscopic morphology changes such as the appearance of vigorously degassing vents, collapsing landslides, and bubbling mud. In late-2019 and 2020, we performed repeated photogrammetric UAV surveys using the Structure from Motion (SfM) technique. This approach allowed us to create dense 3D point clouds and digital orthophotos spanning one year of surveys. The results highlight the benefits of photogrammetry data using UAV for the accurate remote monitoring and mapping of active volcanoes and craters in harsh and dangerous environments.

Description: Published

Description: id 118

Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Since 2000, a Thermal Ionisation Mass Spectrometer (Thermo ScientificTM Triton TI® Mass Spectrometer) and a clean laboratory are operating at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Sezione di Napoli, Osservatorio Vesuviano (OV) to measure strontium (Sr) and neodymium (Nd) isotope compositions of volcanic products for scientific purposes. In 2014 particular attention has been dedicated to set up the analytical procedure for extracting Sr and Nd and measuring their isotope compositions from groundwater and mineral water, due to its growing interest on environmental topics. Strontium is considered a trace element and Sr2+ preferentially substitutes for Ca2+ in most rock types since it geochemically behaves like calcium. Groundwater is enriched in Sr during water-rock interaction processes occurring within the saturated and/or unsaturated zones. Conversely, Sr is removed from water as a result of mineral precipitation and ion exchange reactions. The most common removal process is the coprecipitation of Sr2+ ions with calcium carbonate. However, this latter process does not fractionate Sr2+ [Faure and Powell, 1972]. Therefore, the Sr isotopic composition of groundwater records an integrated signal of water-rock interaction along flow path and dissolution/precipitation events, and can be used as a dynamic tracer to constrain subsurface flow in volcanic, non volcanic and geothermal areas. Water is a natural resource, which is renewed by different processes. The aforementioned geochemical processes and reactions with dissolving/precipitating minerals have a profound effect on water quality. Since the 1990s, Sr isotopes have been extensively used as a natural tracer of groundwater flow [Peterman and Stuckless, 1992; Bullen et al., 1996; Johnson and De Paolo, 1994; McNutt et al., 1990; McNutt, 2000; Frost et al., 2002; Gosselin et al., 2004; Klaus et al., 2007] because groundwater progressively acquires the 87Sr /86Sr isotopic ratio from the rocks with which it has interacted [Prasanna et al. 2009]. Furthermore, variable Sr isotope ratios and concentrations characterize different groundwater sources and are tracers of groundwater mixing [eg. Carucci et al., 2012]. In this work we present the first results obtained by analyzing the Sr isotope composition of two mineral waters, selected groundwater samples from Mt. Etna and a certified water sample from North America (National Research Council Canada - NRC, Certified Reference Materials - CRM TM-25.4). On the contrary, the Nd isotope ratios of such water samples have been not measured due to the low Nd content of the investigated samples. A statistically representative data set on certified international standards (NIST SRM 987, La Jolla and JNdi-1) was used to evaluate the quality of the analytical data produced at the INGVOV Radiogenic Isotope Laboratory since 2014. This methodological approach will allow us to isotopically characterize different water systems with the aim to trace back the water-rock interaction and mixing processes in different environments. This analytical procedure could be exported to other geological contests and applied to other types of waters (e.g. surface and thermal water).

Description: INGV

Description: Published

Description: 1-20

Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani

Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici

Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi

Description: N/A or not JCR

Description: We describe the results from an electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) survey performed inside the Solfatara cra- ter, located in the central part of the Campi Flegrei (CF) com- posite caldera. The Solfatara volcano represents the most ac- tive zone within the CF area, in terms of hydrothermal mani- festations and local seismicity. Eight dipole-dipole ERT lines have been measured with the aim of deducing a 3D resistivity model for the upper 80 m beneath the Solfatara. The results have allowed classification of the shallow structure below the crater into a low-resistivity (LR) class, up to about 4 Ωm, an intermediate resistivity (IR) class, from 5 Ωm up to 50 Ωm, and a high-resistivity (HR) class, from 60 Ωm onward. In order to solve the ambiguities arising in the interpretation of the nature of these bodies, a comparison has been done be- tween the 3D ERT model and the CO2 flux, soil temperature, and gravity maps over the same area. By combining all of these parameters, the whole LR body has been ascribed to a water-dominated geothermal basin and the HR body to a steam/gas-dominated reservoir. Finally, the IR class has been interpreted as a widespread background situation with inter- mediate character, where volatiles and condensates can coex- ist in the same volumes at variable percentages, coherently with the resistivity variation within this class. Since fluid dy- namics in the Solfatara crater change rapidly, ERT surveys repeated in the future are expected to be of great help in mon- itoring possible pre-eruptive changes, as well as in better fol- lowing evolution of the local geothermal system.

Description: Published

Description: 27

Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani

Description: JCR Journal

Description: This study investigates fumarolic CO2 emissions at Campi Flegrei (Southern Italy) and their dispersion in the lowest atmospheric boundary layer. We innovatively utilize a Lagrangian Stochastic dispersion model (WindTrax) combined with an Eulerian model (DISGAS) to diagnose the dispersion of diluted gas plumes over large and complex topographic domains. New measurements of CO2 concentrations acquired in February and October 2014 in the area of Pisciarelli and Solfatara, the two major fumarolic fields of Campi Flegrei caldera, and simultaneous measurements of meteorological parameters are used to: 1) test the ability of WindTrax to calculate the fumarolic CO2 flux from the investigated sources, and 2) perform predictive numerical simulations to resolve the mutual interference between the CO2 emissions of the two adjacent areas. This novel approach allows us to a) better quantify the CO2 emission of the fumarolic source, b) discriminate “true” CO2 contributions for each source, and c) understand the potential impact of the composite CO2 plume (Pisciarelli “plus” Solfatara) on the highly populated areas inside the Campi Flegrei caldera.

Description: Published

Description: 1-11

Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio

Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente

Description: JCR Journal