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  • 1
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    Impaired B cell development and proliferation in absence of phosphoinositide 3-kinase p85alpha (1999)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1999-01-15
    Description: Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activation has been implicated in many cellular responses, including fibroblast growth, transformation, survival, and chemotaxis. Although PI3K is activated by several agents that stimulate T and B cells, the role of PI3K in lymphocyte function is not clear. The mouse gene encoding the PI3K adapter subunit p85alpha and its splice variants p55alpha and p50alpha was disrupted. Most p85alpha-p55alpha-p50alpha-/- mice die within days after birth. Lymphocyte development and function was studied with the use of the RAG2-deficient blastocyst complementation system. Chimeric mice had reduced numbers of peripheral mature B cells and decreased serum immunoglobulin. The B cells that developed had diminished proliferative responses to antibody to immunoglobulin M, antibody to CD40, and lipopolysaccharide stimulation and decreased survival after incubation with interleukin-4. In contrast, T cell development and proliferation was normal. This phenotype is similar to defects observed in mice lacking the tyrosine kinase Btk.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fruman, D A -- Snapper, S B -- Yballe, C M -- Davidson, L -- Yu, J Y -- Alt, F W -- Cantley, L C -- R01 GM041890/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1999 Jan 15;283(5400):393-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. dfruman@bidmc.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9888855" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD45/analysis ; Apoptosis ; B-Lymphocytes/cytology/enzymology/*immunology ; Catalytic Domain ; Cell Cycle ; Chimera ; Chromones/pharmacology ; Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Female ; Gene Targeting ; Immunoglobulins/*blood ; *Lymphocyte Activation ; Lymphocyte Count ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Morpholines/pharmacology ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; Spleen/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/enzymology/immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Long-range oncogenic activation of Igh-c-myc translocations by the Igh 3' regulatory region (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-17
    Description: B-cell malignancies, such as human Burkitt's lymphoma, often contain translocations that link c-myc or other proto-oncogenes to the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus (IgH, encoded by Igh). The nature of elements that activate oncogenes within such translocations has been a long-standing question. Translocations within Igh involve DNA double-strand breaks initiated either by the RAG1/2 endonuclease during variable, diversity and joining gene segment (V(D)J) recombination, or by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID, also known as AICDA) during class switch recombination (CSR). V(D)J recombination in progenitor B (pro-B) cells assembles Igh variable region exons upstream of mu constant region (Cmu) exons, which are the first of several sets of C(H) exons ('C(H) genes') within a C(H) locus that span several hundred kilobases (kb). In mature B cells, CSR deletes Cmu and replaces it with a downstream C(H) gene. An intronic enhancer (iEmu) between the variable region exons and Cmu promotes V(D)J recombination in developing B cells. Furthermore, the Igh 3' regulatory region (Igh3'RR) lies downstream of the C(H) locus and modulates CSR by long-range transcriptional enhancement of C(H) genes. Transgenic mice bearing iEmu or Igh3'RR sequences fused to c-myc are predisposed to B lymphomas, demonstrating that such elements can confer oncogenic c-myc expression. However, in many B-cell lymphomas, Igh-c-myc translocations delete iEmu and place c-myc up to 200 kb upstream of the Igh3'RR. Here we address the oncogenic role of the Igh3'RR by inactivating it in two distinct mouse models for B-cell lymphoma with Igh-c-myc translocations. We show that the Igh3'RR is dispensable for pro-B-cell lymphomas with V(D)J recombination-initiated translocations, but is required for peripheral B-cell lymphomas with CSR-associated translocations. As the Igh3'RR is not required for CSR-associated Igh breaks or Igh-c-myc translocations in peripheral B-cell lymphoma progenitors, we conclude that this regulatory region confers oncogenic activity by long-range and developmental stage-specific activation of translocated c-myc genes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802177/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802177/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gostissa, Monica -- Yan, Catherine T -- Bianco, Julia M -- Cogne, Michel -- Pinaud, Eric -- Alt, Frederick W -- CA92625/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Dec 10;462(7274):803-7. doi: 10.1038/nature08633.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20010689" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3' Untranslated Regions/*genetics ; Alleles ; Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Chromosome Breakpoints ; Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte/*genetics ; Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain/*genetics ; Genes, myc/*genetics ; Immunoglobulin Class Switching/genetics ; Lymphoma, B-Cell/*genetics/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid/*genetics ; Translocation, Genetic/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Mechanisms promoting translocations in editing and switching peripheral B cells (2009)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-07-10
    Description: Variable, diversity and joining gene segment (V(D)J) recombination assembles immunoglobulin heavy or light chain (IgH or IgL) variable region exons in developing bone marrow B cells, whereas class switch recombination (CSR) exchanges IgH constant region exons in peripheral B cells. Both processes use directed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) repaired by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). Errors in either V(D)J recombination or CSR can initiate chromosomal translocations, including oncogenic IgH locus (Igh) to c-myc (also known as Myc) translocations of peripheral B cell lymphomas. Collaboration between these processes has also been proposed to initiate translocations. However, the occurrence of V(D)J recombination in peripheral B cells is controversial. Here we show that activated NHEJ-deficient splenic B cells accumulate V(D)J-recombination-associated breaks at the lambda IgL locus (Igl), as well as CSR-associated Igh breaks, often in the same cell. Moreover, Igl and Igh breaks are frequently joined to form translocations, a phenomenon associated with specific Igh-Igl co-localization. Igh and c-myc also co-localize in these cells; correspondingly, the introduction of frequent c-myc DSBs robustly promotes Igh-c-myc translocations. Our studies show peripheral B cells that attempt secondary V(D)J recombination, and determine a role for mechanistic factors in promoting recurrent translocations in tumours.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2907259/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2907259/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, Jing H -- Gostissa, Monica -- Yan, Catherine T -- Goff, Peter -- Hickernell, Thomas -- Hansen, Erica -- Difilippantonio, Simone -- Wesemann, Duane R -- Zarrin, Ali A -- Rajewsky, Klaus -- Nussenzweig, Andre -- Alt, Frederick W -- 5P01CA92625/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA092625/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA092625-010001/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA092625-020001/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA092625-060006/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA092625-070006/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA092625-080006/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- P01 CA092625-090006/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI077595/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI077595-02/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA009382/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA009382-27/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32 CA009382-28/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- Intramural NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2009 Jul 9;460(7252):231-6. doi: 10.1038/nature08159.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19587764" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/*metabolism ; Cytidine Deaminase/deficiency/genetics/metabolism ; DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency/metabolism ; Female ; Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte/*genetics ; Genes, Immunoglobulin/*genetics ; Genes, myc/genetics ; Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism ; Immunoglobulin Class Switching/*genetics ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics ; Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains/genetics ; Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains/genetics ; Integrases/genetics/metabolism ; Interphase ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Male ; Mice ; Receptors, Complement 3d/genetics ; Recombination, Genetic/genetics ; Spleen/cytology/immunology ; Translocation, Genetic/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    SIRT3 regulates mitochondrial fatty-acid oxidation by reversible enzyme deacetylation (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2010-03-06
    Description: Sirtuins are NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylases. They mediate adaptive responses to a variety of stresses, including calorie restriction and metabolic stress. Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) is localized in the mitochondrial matrix, where it regulates the acetylation levels of metabolic enzymes, including acetyl coenzyme A synthetase 2 (refs 1, 2). Mice lacking both Sirt3 alleles appear phenotypically normal under basal conditions, but show marked hyperacetylation of several mitochondrial proteins. Here we report that SIRT3 expression is upregulated during fasting in liver and brown adipose tissues. During fasting, livers from mice lacking SIRT3 had higher levels of fatty-acid oxidation intermediate products and triglycerides, associated with decreased levels of fatty-acid oxidation, compared to livers from wild-type mice. Mass spectrometry of mitochondrial proteins shows that long-chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (LCAD) is hyperacetylated at lysine 42 in the absence of SIRT3. LCAD is deacetylated in wild-type mice under fasted conditions and by SIRT3 in vitro and in vivo; and hyperacetylation of LCAD reduces its enzymatic activity. Mice lacking SIRT3 exhibit hallmarks of fatty-acid oxidation disorders during fasting, including reduced ATP levels and intolerance to cold exposure. These findings identify acetylation as a novel regulatory mechanism for mitochondrial fatty-acid oxidation and demonstrate that SIRT3 modulates mitochondrial intermediary metabolism and fatty-acid use during fasting.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841477/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841477/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hirschey, Matthew D -- Shimazu, Tadahiro -- Goetzman, Eric -- Jing, Enxuan -- Schwer, Bjoern -- Lombard, David B -- Grueter, Carrie A -- Harris, Charles -- Biddinger, Sudha -- Ilkayeva, Olga R -- Stevens, Robert D -- Li, Yu -- Saha, Asish K -- Ruderman, Neil B -- Bain, James R -- Newgard, Christopher B -- Farese, Robert V Jr -- Alt, Frederick W -- Kahn, C Ronald -- Verdin, Eric -- DK019514-29/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK59637/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- K01 DK076573/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- K08 AG022325/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- K08 AG022325-01A1/AG/NIA NIH HHS/ -- P01 HL068758/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P01 HL068758-06A1/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK026743/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- P30 DK026743-26A1/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK019514/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK019514-29/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK067509/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- R01 DK067509-04/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U24 DK059637/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- U24 DK059637-01/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Mar 4;464(7285):121-5. doi: 10.1038/nature08778.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California 94158, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20203611" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase, Long-Chain/chemistry/*metabolism ; Adenosine Triphosphate/biosynthesis/metabolism ; Adipose Tissue, Brown/enzymology/metabolism ; Animals ; Body Temperature Regulation ; Caloric Restriction ; Carnitine/analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cold Temperature ; Fasting/metabolism ; Fatty Acids/*metabolism ; Humans ; Hypoglycemia/metabolism ; Liver/enzymology/metabolism ; Male ; Mass Spectrometry ; Mice ; Mitochondria/*enzymology/*metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Sirtuin 3/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Triglycerides/metabolism ; Up-Regulation
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Orientation-specific joining of AID-initiated DNA breaks promotes antibody class switching (2015)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2015-08-27
    Description: During B-cell development, RAG endonuclease cleaves immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) V, D, and J gene segments and orchestrates their fusion as deletional events that assemble a V(D)J exon in the same transcriptional orientation as adjacent Cmu constant region exons. In mice, six additional sets of constant region exons (CHs) lie 100-200 kilobases downstream in the same transcriptional orientation as V(D)J and Cmu exons. Long repetitive switch (S) regions precede Cmu and downstream CHs. In mature B cells, class switch recombination (CSR) generates different antibody classes by replacing Cmu with a downstream CH (ref. 2). Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates CSR by promoting deamination lesions within Smu and a downstream acceptor S region; these lesions are converted into DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by general DNA repair factors. Productive CSR must occur in a deletional orientation by joining the upstream end of an Smu DSB to the downstream end of an acceptor S-region DSB. However, the relative frequency of deletional to inversional CSR junctions has not been measured. Thus, whether orientation-specific joining is a programmed mechanistic feature of CSR as it is for V(D)J recombination and, if so, how this is achieved is unknown. To address this question, we adapt high-throughput genome-wide translocation sequencing into a highly sensitive DSB end-joining assay and apply it to endogenous AID-initiated S-region DSBs in mouse B cells. We show that CSR is programmed to occur in a productive deletional orientation and does so via an unprecedented mechanism that involves in cis Igh organizational features in combination with frequent S-region DSBs initiated by AID. We further implicate ATM-dependent DSB-response factors in enforcing this mechanism and provide an explanation of why CSR is so reliant on the 53BP1 DSB-response factor.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4592165/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4592165/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dong, Junchao -- Panchakshari, Rohit A -- Zhang, Tingting -- Zhang, Yu -- Hu, Jiazhi -- Volpi, Sabrina A -- Meyers, Robin M -- Ho, Yu-Jui -- Du, Zhou -- Robbiani, Davide F -- Meng, Feilong -- Gostissa, Monica -- Nussenzweig, Michel C -- Manis, John P -- Alt, Frederick W -- AI037526/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI072529/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI077595/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI112602/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- CA133781/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI077595/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R21 AI088510/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R21 CA133781/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- T32HL066987/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2015 Sep 3;525(7567):134-9. doi: 10.1038/nature14970. Epub 2015 Aug 26.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Boston Children's Hospital and Joint Program in Transfusion Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26308889" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins/metabolism ; B-Lymphocytes/enzymology/immunology/*metabolism ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/metabolism ; Cytidine Deaminase/*metabolism ; *DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; DNA Repair/*genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Deamination ; Immunoglobulin Class Switching/*genetics ; Immunoglobulin Constant Regions/*genetics ; Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/*genetics ; Mice ; Sequence Deletion/genetics ; VDJ Exons/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Antibody class switching mediated by yeast endonuclease-generated DNA breaks (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-12-16
    Description: Antibody class switching in activated B cells uses class switch recombination (CSR), which joins activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-dependent double-strand breaks (DSBs) within two large immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) locus switch (S) regions that lie up to 200 kilobases apart. To test postulated roles of S regions and AID in CSR, we generated mutant B cells in which donor Smu and accepter Sgamma1 regions were replaced with yeast I-SceI endonuclease sites. We found that site-specific I-SceI DSBs mediate recombinational IgH locus class switching from IgM to IgG1 without S regions or AID. We propose that CSR evolved to exploit a general DNA repair process that promotes joining of widely separated DSBs within a chromosome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zarrin, Ali A -- Del Vecchio, Catherine -- Tseng, Eva -- Gleason, Megan -- Zarin, Payam -- Tian, Ming -- Alt, Frederick W -- 2P01AI031541-15/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01CA092625-05/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jan 19;315(5810):377-81. Epub 2006 Dec 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Hospital, CBR Institute for Biomedical Research, and Department of Genetics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17170253" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/*immunology ; Base Sequence ; Cell Line ; Cytidine Deaminase/*metabolism ; *DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; DNA Repair ; Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific/genetics/*metabolism ; Embryonic Stem Cells ; Gene Targeting ; Genes, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain ; Hybridomas ; *Immunoglobulin Class Switching ; Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis/genetics ; Immunoglobulin M/biosynthesis/genetics ; *Immunoglobulin Switch Region ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Recombination, Genetic ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/enzymology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Thymocyte development in the absence of pre-T cell receptor extracellular immunoglobulin domains (1998)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 1998-05-23
    Description: Immature thymocytes express a pre-T cell receptor (pre-TCR) composed of the TCRbeta chain paired with pre-Talpha. Signals from this receptor are essential for passage of thymocytes through a key developmental checkpoint in the thymus. These signals were efficiently delivered in vivo by a truncated form of the murine pre-TCR that lacked all of its extracellular immunoglobulin domains. De novo expression of the truncated pre-TCR or an intact alphabetaTCR was sufficient to activate characteristic TCR signaling pathways in a T cell line. These findings support the view that recognition of an extracellular ligand is not required for pre-TCR function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Irving, B A -- Alt, F W -- Killeen, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1998 May 8;280(5365):905-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9572735" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD/analysis ; Antigens, CD3/analysis/genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Dimerization ; Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte ; Humans ; Immunoglobulins/chemistry ; Immunophenotyping ; Jurkat Cells ; Ligands ; Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Mice, Transgenic ; NFATC Transcription Factors ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry/genetics/*physiology ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/*immunology/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Stress-dependent regulation of FOXO transcription factors by the SIRT1 deacetylase (2004)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2004-02-21
    Description: The Sir2 deacetylase modulates organismal life-span in various species. However, the molecular mechanisms by which Sir2 increases longevity are largely unknown. We show that in mammalian cells, the Sir2 homolog SIRT1 appears to control the cellular response to stress by regulating the FOXO family of Forkhead transcription factors, a family of proteins that function as sensors of the insulin signaling pathway and as regulators of organismal longevity. SIRT1 and the FOXO transcription factor FOXO3 formed a complex in cells in response to oxidative stress, and SIRT1 deacetylated FOXO3 in vitro and within cells. SIRT1 had a dual effect on FOXO3 function: SIRT1 increased FOXO3's ability to induce cell cycle arrest and resistance to oxidative stress but inhibited FOXO3's ability to induce cell death. Thus, one way in which members of the Sir2 family of proteins may increase organismal longevity is by tipping FOXO-dependent responses away from apoptosis and toward stress resistance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brunet, Anne -- Sweeney, Lora B -- Sturgill, J Fitzhugh -- Chua, Katrin F -- Greer, Paul L -- Lin, Yingxi -- Tran, Hien -- Ross, Sarah E -- Mostoslavsky, Raul -- Cohen, Haim Y -- Hu, Linda S -- Cheng, Hwei-Ling -- Jedrychowski, Mark P -- Gygi, Steven P -- Sinclair, David A -- Alt, Frederick W -- Greenberg, Michael E -- NIHP30-HD18655/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P01 NS35138-17/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2004 Mar 26;303(5666):2011-5. Epub 2004 Feb 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Neuroscience, Children's Hospital, and Department of Neurobiology, Center for Blood Research (CBR) Institute for Biomedical Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14976264" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Cycle ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebellum/cytology ; Forkhead Transcription Factors ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Histone Deacetylases/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Neurons/cytology ; *Oxidative Stress ; Phosphorylation ; Proteins/genetics ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; Sirtuin 1 ; Sirtuins/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism ; Transcription, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Disappearance of the lymphoid system in Bcl-2 homozygous mutant chimeric mice (1993)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-09-17
    Description: The bcl-2 proto-oncogene can prevent the death of many cell types. Mice were generated that were chimeric for the homozygous inactivation of bcl-2. Lymphocytes without Bcl-2 differentiated into phenotypically mature cells. However, in vitro, the mature T cells that lacked Bcl-2 had shorter life-spans and increased sensitivity to glucocorticoids and gamma-irradiation. In contrast, stimulation of CD3 inhibited the death of these cells. T and B cells with no Bcl-2 disappeared from the bone marrow, thymus, and periphery by 4 weeks of age. Thus, Bcl-2 was dispensable for lymphocyte maturation, but was required for a stable immune system after birth.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nakayama, K -- Negishi, I -- Kuida, K -- Shinkai, Y -- Louie, M C -- Fields, L E -- Lucas, P J -- Stewart, V -- Alt, F W -- AI 15322/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1993 Sep 17;261(5128):1584-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8372353" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antigens, CD3/immunology ; Apoptosis ; B-Lymphocytes/cytology/*immunology ; Base Sequence ; Bone Marrow/immunology ; Bone Marrow Cells ; Cell Line ; Chimera ; Homozygote ; Humans ; Lymphoid Tissue/cytology/immunology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 ; Proto-Oncogenes ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology ; T-Lymphocytes/cytology/*immunology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    ATM damage response and XLF repair factor are functionally redundant in joining DNA breaks (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-12-17
    Description: Classical non-homologous DNA end-joining (NHEJ) is a major mammalian DNA double-strand-break (DSB) repair pathway. Deficiencies for classical NHEJ factors, such as XRCC4, abrogate lymphocyte development, owing to a strict requirement for classical NHEJ to join V(D)J recombination DSB intermediates. The XRCC4-like factor (XLF; also called NHEJ1) is mutated in certain immunodeficient human patients and has been implicated in classical NHEJ; however, XLF-deficient mice have relatively normal lymphocyte development and their lymphocytes support normal V(D)J recombination. The ataxia telangiectasia-mutated protein (ATM) detects DSBs and activates DSB responses by phosphorylating substrates including histone H2AX. However, ATM deficiency causes only modest V(D)J recombination and lymphocyte developmental defects, and H2AX deficiency does not have a measurable impact on these processes. Here we show that XLF, ATM and H2AX all have fundamental roles in processing and joining DNA ends during V(D)J recombination, but that these roles have been masked by unanticipated functional redundancies. Thus, combined deficiency of ATM and XLF nearly blocks mouse lymphocyte development due to an inability to process and join chromosomal V(D)J recombination DSB intermediates. Combined XLF and ATM deficiency also severely impairs classical NHEJ, but not alternative end-joining, during IgH class switch recombination. Redundant ATM and XLF functions in classical NHEJ are mediated by ATM kinase activity and are not required for extra-chromosomal V(D)J recombination, indicating a role for chromatin-associated ATM substrates. Correspondingly, conditional H2AX inactivation in XLF-deficient pro-B lines leads to V(D)J recombination defects associated with marked degradation of unjoined V(D)J ends, revealing that H2AX has a role in this process.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3058373/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3058373/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zha, Shan -- Guo, Chunguang -- Boboila, Cristian -- Oksenych, Valentyn -- Cheng, Hwei-Ling -- Zhang, Yu -- Wesemann, Duane R -- Yuen, Grace -- Patel, Harin -- Goff, Peter H -- Dubois, Richard L -- Alt, Frederick W -- AI007376/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI020047/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI076210/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- K08 AI089972/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- K08 AI089972-01/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI076210/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P01 AI076210-03/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI020047/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI020047-28/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2011 Jan 13;469(7329):250-4. doi: 10.1038/nature09604. Epub 2010 Dec 15.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Children's Hospital, the Immune Disease Institute and the Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21160472" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins ; Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Chromatin/metabolism ; Chromosomes, Mammalian/genetics/metabolism ; *DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded ; *DNA Repair ; DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Embryo, Mammalian/embryology/metabolism ; *Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte/genetics ; Histones/*metabolism ; Mice ; Precursor Cells, B-Lymphoid/cytology/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; *Recombination, Genetic ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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