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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2023-10-05
    Description: There is increasing evidence that the first few years after birth are particularly important in child development and present opportunities for enrichment but also vulnerabilities do to poverty and other social stressors. Elected officials have begun proposing potentially costly programs to intervene early in the lives of disadvantaged children. Have such interventions been demonstrated to yield substantial benefits? To what extent might they pay for themselves through lower welfare and criminal justice costs incurred by participating children as they grow into adults? This study synthesizes the results of a number of previous evaluations in an effort to answer those questions. Conclusions are that under carefully controlled conditions, early childhood interventions can yield substantial advantages to recipients in terms of emotional and cognitive development, education, economic well-being, and health. (The latter two benefits apply to the children's families as well.) If these interventions can be duplicated on a large scale, the costs of the programs could be exceeded by subsequent savings to the government. However, the more carefully the interventions are targeted to children most likely to benefit, the more likely it is that savings will exceed costs. Unfortunately, these conclusions rest on only a few methodologically sound studies. The authors argue for broader demonstrations accompanied by rigorous evaluations to resolve several important unknowns. These include the most efficient ways to design and target programs, the extent to which effectiveness is lost on scale-up, and the implications of welfare reform and other safety net changes.
    Keywords: Education ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: RAND researchers generated national estimates of consumption of four illicit drugs from 2000 to 2010: cocaine, heroin, marijuana, and methamphetamine. Throughout the decade, U.S. drug users spent on the order of $100 billion annually on these drugs, although the spending distribution and use patterns changed. For all of the drugs, total consumption and expenditures are driven by the minority of users who consume on 21 or more days each month.
    Keywords: Psychology ; Political Science ; Health Sciences ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKG Pharmacology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPQ Central / national / federal government::JPQB Central / national / federal government policies ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKZ Therapy and therapeutics::MKZR Addiction and therapy ; thema EDItEUR::V Health, Relationships and Personal development::VF Family and health::VFJ Coping with / advice about personal, social and health topics::VFJK Coping with / advice about drug and alcohol problems
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: In January 2012, the U.S. White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) asked RAND to generate national estimates of the total number of users, total expenditures, and total consumption for four illicit drugs from 2000 to 2010: cocaine (including crack), heroin, marijuana, and methamphetamine. Drug users in the United States spend on the order of $100 billion annually on these drugs (in 2010 dollars). While this total figure has been stable over the decade, there have been important compositional shifts. From 2006 to 2010, the amount of marijuana consumed in the United States likely increased more than 30 percent, while the amount of cocaine consumed in the United States decreased by approximately 50 percent. These figures are consistent with supply-side indicators, such as seizures and production estimates. Methamphetamine consumption rose sharply from 2000 through the middle of the decade, and this was followed by a large decline through 2008. Heroin consumption remained fairly stable throughout the decade, although there is some evidence of an increase in the later years. For all of the drugs, total consumption and expenditures are driven by the minority of users who consume on 21 or more days each month.
    Keywords: Psychology ; Political Science ; Health Sciences ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKG Pharmacology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPQ Central / national / federal government::JPQB Central / national / federal government policies ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKZ Therapy and therapeutics::MKZR Addiction and therapy ; thema EDItEUR::V Health, Relationships and Personal development::VF Family and health::VFJ Coping with / advice about personal, social and health topics::VFJK Coping with / advice about drug and alcohol problems
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2023-10-05
    Description: As the war on terrorism wages on, our nation's policymakers will continue to face the challenge of assessing threats that various terrorist groups pose to the U.S. homeland and our interests abroad. As part of the RAND Corporation's yearlong "Thinking Strategically About Combating Terrorism" project, the authors of this report develop a way to assess and analyze the danger posed by various terrorist organizations around the world. The very nature of terrorism creates a difficulty in predicting new and emerging threats; however, by establishing these types of parameters, the report creates a fresh foundation of threat analysis on which future counterterrorism strategy may build.
    Keywords: Political Science ; Technology ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPS International relations ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JW Warfare & defence ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TT Other technologies & applied sciences::TTM Military engineering
    Language: English
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