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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurements of optical refrigeration in ytterbium-doped crystals (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 90 (2001), S. 4815-4819 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We measured anti-Stokes fluorescence cooling (optical refrigeration) in ytterbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG). Pumping the 2.3% Yb3+:YAG crystal with 1.8 W of 1030 nm laser light produced a temperature drop of 8.9 °C from room temperature. The high thermal conductivity and ruggedness of this crystal make it an attractive material for use in optical refrigerators. Our spectral studies show that pure crystals of this material could be efficient for optical refrigeration at temperatures above ∼100 K. Photothermal deflection measurements show that our current crystals can cool at ∼250 K. Additionally, we measured optical refrigeration in a 5% Yb3+:Y2SiO5 crystal when pumped at 1050 nm. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1406544
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Internal laser cooling of Yb3+-doped glass measured between 100 and 300 K (1997)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 71 (1997), S. 1458-1460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Laser cooling of a solid can occur when it emits photons of higher mean energy than those it absorbs. Photothermal deflection spectra of a fluorozirconate glass (ZBLANP) doped with 1 wt% Yb3+ show cooling in an internal volume of the sample at temperatures between 100 and 300 K. A cooling efficiency of ∼1% relative to the absorbed laser power at 1015 nm is maintained at all temperatures. The results show promise for solid-state cooling of bulk materials at temperatures below 150 K.© 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.120441
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ON THE NUCLEATION OF FATIGUE CRACKS IN PURE POLYCRYSTALLINE α-IRON (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Fatigue & fracture of engineering materials & structures 5 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-2695
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract— This paper presents the results of an investigation of fatigue crack initiation in pure polycrystalline α-iron as a function of testing frequency (0.01–1000 Hz). Three distinct types of fatigue crack initiation mechanisms were identified:(i) At low frequencies, 〈0.5 Hz, cracks were observed to nucleate at intrusions, extrusions and grain boundaries. However over the frequency range studied the cracks at the intrusions and extrusions were not associated with the final fatigue failure. The results suggest that in pure iron frequencies 〈0.01 Hz are required for fatigue failure to be initiated at intrusions and extrusions.(ii) At frequencies ≤0.01 Hz at high strain amplitudes, cracks nucleated at the intersection of grain boundaries with the free surface as a result of the incompatable deformation of surface grains. The subsequent propagation of these cracks resulted in fatigue failure.(iii) Tests performed at low strain amplitude at 5 Hz and 1000 Hz initiated surface grain boundary cracking without any significant associated change of grain shape.The results of the present investigation indicate that fatigue failure in pure iron alloys (at frequencies 〉0.01 Hz) is initiated not at intrusions and extrusions but at grain boundaries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1982.tb01240.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Detection of Ni–Sn phases in temper embrittled Ni–Cr steels (1979)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 278 (1979), S. 38-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Table 1 Composition of Ni-Cr steels studied C Ni Cr Wt% Mn Si Mo Fe EnSOA BE10 0.28 0.18 4.06 3.33 1.20 1.42 0.58 0.32 0.11 bal bal S Sb p.p.m. P Sn As 80 20 40 〈50 130 〈50 140425 240 〈50 X-ray energy (keV) 1???a ?CuKa Sn ? a rSnK^ ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/278038a0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ni-Sn interaction in temper embrittled steel detected by Mössbauer spectroscopy (1977)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 269 (1977), S. 47-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Argon arc melting was used to prepare the high purity alloy of composition (wt%) Ni (3.4); 119Sn (0.19); C (0.10); Fe (balance). The cast alloy was rolled to a thickness of 100 Mm, an optimum thickness for the Mossbauer measurements, and austenitised for 1 h at 1,120 C followed by a water quench. ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/269047a0
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A double torsion fracture mechanics and Auger electron spectroscopy approach to the study of stress corrosion cracking in low alloy steels (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 16 (1981), S. 125-140 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The applicability of the double torsion fracture mechanics test to the study of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in steels was assessed by evaluating the behaviour of the low alloy steels AISI 4140 and En3OA, exhibiting both high (1400 MNm−2) and low (765 MNm−2) yield strengths respectively. An optical method for measuring crack growth rate and a load relaxation method for computing it were compared and found to give similar results. The test was shown to be eminently suitable for the study of SCC in high yield strength steels and those in a temper embrittled condition. The influence of trace impurities on the SCC susceptibility was examined using Auger electron spectroscopy to determine the type and amount of grain boundary segregants. The degree of segregation of trace impurities was shown to have a profound effect on the stress intensity-crack velocity (K-V) diagram by reducingK IC and increasing the reaction rate as shown by the increased slope in stage III of theK-V diagram. An anomalously low threshold stress intensity was observed in as-quenched AISI 4140 and this was attributed to residual stresses produced by the phase transformations occurring during quenching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00552067
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrodynamically-induced crystallization from an homogeneous solution of two polymers (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 9 (1974), S. 1382-1384 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00551863
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A capacitance gauge for microstrain measurement in tension (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 8 (1973), S. 1832-1834 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00552200
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A capacitance gauge for microstrain measurement in tension (1973)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 8 (1973), S. 1832-1834 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02403540
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Precipitation hardening in Cu 1.81 wt % Be 0.28 wt % Co (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 9 (1974), S. 409-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The discontinuous or cellular precipitation reaction in Cu 1.81 wt % Be 0.28 wt % Co has been investigated with transmission electron microscopy. The discontinuous precipitate, designated asγI, is nucleated at grain boundaries and grows into adjoining grains, in contrast to the continuously formedγ′ intermediate precipitate, which has a similar structure, lattice parameter and orientation. After extensive ageing treatments at 425
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00737840
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