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  • 1
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    Experimental determination of quantum-well lifetime effect on large-signal resonant tunneling diode switching time (2015)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-10-15
    Description: An experimental determination is presented of the effect the quantum-well lifetime has on a large-signal resonant tunneling diode (RTD) switching time. Traditional vertical In 0.53 Ga 0.47 As/AlAs RTDs were grown, fabricated, and characterized. The switching time was measured with a high-speed oscilloscope and found to be close to the sum of the calculated RC-limited 10%–90% switching time and the quantum-well quasibound-state lifetime. This method displays experimental evidence that the two intrinsic resonant-tunneling characteristic times act independently, and that the quasibound-state lifetime then serves as a quantum-limit on the large-signal speed of RTDs.
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 2
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    Demonstration of a GaAs-based 1550-nm continuous wave photomixer (2015)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-17
    Description: An Er:GaAs-based 1550-nm CW photomixer is demonstrated. The related mechanism is extrinsic photoconductivity with optical absorption between the localized deep levels created by the Er and the extended states above the conduction band edge of GaAs. With the power boost made possible by a fiber-coupled erbium-doped-fiber amplifier, the Er:GaAs photomixers, operating at 1550 nm, radiate THz power levels easily measured by a Golay cell, and display a power spectrum having a −3 dB roll-off frequency of 307 GHz. This corresponds to a photocarrier lifetime of 520 fs, in good agreement with a previous measurement of the bandwidth of the same material in a photoconductive switch.
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 3
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    The genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (2006)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-11-11
    Description: We report the sequence and analysis of the 814-megabase genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, a model for developmental and systems biology. The sequencing strategy combined whole-genome shotgun and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) sequences. This use of BAC clones, aided by a pooling strategy, overcame difficulties associated with high heterozygosity of the genome. The genome encodes about 23,300 genes, including many previously thought to be vertebrate innovations or known only outside the deuterostomes. This echinoderm genome provides an evolutionary outgroup for the chordates and yields insights into the evolution of deuterostomes.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3159423/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3159423/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sea Urchin Genome Sequencing Consortium -- Sodergren, Erica -- Weinstock, George M -- Davidson, Eric H -- Cameron, R Andrew -- Gibbs, Richard A -- Angerer, Robert C -- Angerer, Lynne M -- Arnone, Maria Ina -- Burgess, David R -- Burke, Robert D -- Coffman, James A -- Dean, Michael -- Elphick, Maurice R -- Ettensohn, Charles A -- Foltz, Kathy R -- Hamdoun, Amro -- Hynes, Richard O -- Klein, William H -- Marzluff, William -- McClay, David R -- Morris, Robert L -- Mushegian, Arcady -- Rast, Jonathan P -- Smith, L Courtney -- Thorndyke, Michael C -- Vacquier, Victor D -- Wessel, Gary M -- Wray, Greg -- Zhang, Lan -- Elsik, Christine G -- Ermolaeva, Olga -- Hlavina, Wratko -- Hofmann, Gretchen -- Kitts, Paul -- Landrum, Melissa J -- Mackey, Aaron J -- Maglott, Donna -- Panopoulou, Georgia -- Poustka, Albert J -- Pruitt, Kim -- Sapojnikov, Victor -- Song, Xingzhi -- Souvorov, Alexandre -- Solovyev, Victor -- Wei, Zheng -- Whittaker, Charles A -- Worley, Kim -- Durbin, K James -- Shen, Yufeng -- Fedrigo, Olivier -- Garfield, David -- Haygood, Ralph -- Primus, Alexander -- Satija, Rahul -- Severson, Tonya -- Gonzalez-Garay, Manuel L -- Jackson, Andrew R -- Milosavljevic, Aleksandar -- Tong, Mark -- Killian, Christopher E -- Livingston, Brian T -- Wilt, Fred H -- Adams, Nikki -- Belle, Robert -- Carbonneau, Seth -- Cheung, Rocky -- Cormier, Patrick -- Cosson, Bertrand -- Croce, Jenifer -- Fernandez-Guerra, Antonio -- Geneviere, Anne-Marie -- Goel, Manisha -- Kelkar, Hemant -- Morales, Julia -- Mulner-Lorillon, Odile -- Robertson, Anthony J -- Goldstone, Jared V -- Cole, Bryan -- Epel, David -- Gold, Bert -- Hahn, Mark E -- Howard-Ashby, Meredith -- Scally, Mark -- Stegeman, John J -- Allgood, Erin L -- Cool, Jonah -- Judkins, Kyle M -- McCafferty, Shawn S -- Musante, Ashlan M -- Obar, Robert A -- Rawson, Amanda P -- Rossetti, Blair J -- Gibbons, Ian R -- Hoffman, Matthew P -- Leone, Andrew -- Istrail, Sorin -- Materna, Stefan C -- Samanta, Manoj P -- Stolc, Viktor -- Tongprasit, Waraporn -- Tu, Qiang -- Bergeron, Karl-Frederik -- Brandhorst, Bruce P -- Whittle, James -- Berney, Kevin -- Bottjer, David J -- Calestani, Cristina -- Peterson, Kevin -- Chow, Elly -- Yuan, Qiu Autumn -- Elhaik, Eran -- Graur, Dan -- Reese, Justin T -- Bosdet, Ian -- Heesun, Shin -- Marra, Marco A -- Schein, Jacqueline -- Anderson, Michele K -- Brockton, Virginia -- Buckley, Katherine M -- Cohen, Avis H -- Fugmann, Sebastian D -- Hibino, Taku -- Loza-Coll, Mariano -- Majeske, Audrey J -- Messier, Cynthia -- Nair, Sham V -- Pancer, Zeev -- Terwilliger, David P -- Agca, Cavit -- Arboleda, Enrique -- Chen, Nansheng -- Churcher, Allison M -- Hallbook, F -- Humphrey, Glen W -- Idris, Mohammed M -- Kiyama, Takae -- Liang, Shuguang -- Mellott, Dan -- Mu, Xiuqian -- Murray, Greg -- Olinski, Robert P -- Raible, Florian -- Rowe, Matthew -- Taylor, John S -- Tessmar-Raible, Kristin -- Wang, D -- Wilson, Karen H -- Yaguchi, Shunsuke -- Gaasterland, Terry -- Galindo, Blanca E -- Gunaratne, Herath J -- Juliano, Celina -- Kinukawa, Masashi -- Moy, Gary W -- Neill, Anna T -- Nomura, Mamoru -- Raisch, Michael -- Reade, Anna -- Roux, Michelle M -- Song, Jia L -- Su, Yi-Hsien -- Townley, Ian K -- Voronina, Ekaterina -- Wong, Julian L -- Amore, Gabriele -- Branno, Margherita -- Brown, Euan R -- Cavalieri, Vincenzo -- Duboc, Veronique -- Duloquin, Louise -- Flytzanis, Constantin -- Gache, Christian -- Lapraz, Francois -- Lepage, Thierry -- Locascio, Annamaria -- Martinez, Pedro -- Matassi, Giorgio -- Matranga, Valeria -- Range, Ryan -- Rizzo, Francesca -- Rottinger, Eric -- Beane, Wendy -- Bradham, Cynthia -- Byrum, Christine -- Glenn, Tom -- Hussain, Sofia -- Manning, Gerard -- Miranda, Esther -- Thomason, Rebecca -- Walton, Katherine -- Wikramanayke, Athula -- Wu, Shu-Yu -- Xu, Ronghui -- Brown, C Titus -- Chen, Lili -- Gray, Rachel F -- Lee, Pei Yun -- Nam, Jongmin -- Oliveri, Paola -- Smith, Joel -- Muzny, Donna -- Bell, Stephanie -- Chacko, Joseph -- Cree, Andrew -- Curry, Stacey -- Davis, Clay -- Dinh, Huyen -- Dugan-Rocha, Shannon -- Fowler, Jerry -- Gill, Rachel -- Hamilton, Cerrissa -- Hernandez, Judith -- Hines, Sandra -- Hume, Jennifer -- Jackson, Laronda -- Jolivet, Angela -- Kovar, Christie -- Lee, Sandra -- Lewis, Lora -- Miner, George -- Morgan, Margaret -- Nazareth, Lynne V -- Okwuonu, Geoffrey -- Parker, David -- Pu, Ling-Ling -- Thorn, Rachel -- Wright, Rita -- 2P42 ESO7381/PHS HHS/ -- 5 U54 HG003273/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- EY11930/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- F32 ESO12794/PHS HHS/ -- F32 HD047136/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- F32 HD047136-02/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- F32 HD047136-03/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- F32-HD47136/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- GM058231/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM070840/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM61005/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM61464/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HD-37105/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HD039948/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HD14483/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- HD66219/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- P30-CA14051/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 ES006272/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- R01 ES006272-13/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM070840/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HD028152/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01ES006272/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/ -- R37-HD12896/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- RR-15044/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- S19916/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/United Kingdom -- T32 GM007601/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U54 HG003273/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2006 Nov 10;314(5801):941-52.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17095691" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcification, Physiologic ; Cell Adhesion Molecules/genetics/physiology ; Complement Activation/genetics ; Computational Biology ; Embryonic Development/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes ; *Genome ; Immunity, Innate/genetics ; Immunologic Factors/genetics/physiology ; Male ; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena ; Proteins/genetics/physiology ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Signal Transduction ; Strongylocentrotus purpuratus/embryology/*genetics/immunology/physiology ; Transcription Factors/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Helpers: effects of experimental removal on reproductive success (1982)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1982-01-22
    Description: Experimental removal of helpers from a communal bird population decreased the reproductive success of the reduced units. By controlling for variables that are potentially correlated with both reproductive success and unit size, this experiment establishes that helpers-contribute significantly to their indirect fitness.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, J L -- Brown, E R -- Brown, S D -- Dow, D D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1982 Jan 22;215(4531):421-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17814957" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Extended family system in a communal bird (1981)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1981-02-27
    Description: The genealogical structure of an extended family system in a nonprimate species is described. In Mexican jays, social units are more complex genealogically than in most other communal birds and may contain grandparents, uncles, aunts, and cousins in addition to parents and older siblings. The average relatedness within the units varies greatly, and is lower than would be expected for a highly social bird.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Brown, J L -- Brown, E R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 1981 Feb 27;211(4485):959-60.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17819042" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 6
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    THz behavior of indium-tin-oxide films on p-Si substrates (2015)
    American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-09-01
    Description: This paper reports broadband THz free-space transmission measurements and modeling of indium-tin-oxide (ITO) thin films on p-doped Si substrates. Two such samples having ITO thickness of 50 and 100 nm, and DC sheet conductance 260 and 56 Ω/sq, respectively, were characterized between 0.2 and 1.2 THz using a frequency-domain spectrometer. The 50-nm-film sample displayed very flat transmittance over the 1-THz bandwidth, suggesting it is close to the critical THz sheet conductance that suppresses multi-pass interference in the substrate. An accurate transmission-line-based equivalent circuit is developed to explain the effect, and then used to show that the net reflectivity and absorptivity necessarily oscillate with frequency. This has important implications for the use of thin-film metallic coupling layers on THz components and devices, such as detectors and sources. Consistent with previous reported results, the sheet conductance that best fits the THz transmittance data is roughly 50% higher than the DC values for both samples.
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
    Published by American Institute of Physics (AIP)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Harmonic multiplication using resonant tunneling (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 64 (1988), S. 4248-4250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We propose and demonstrate an odd-harmonic resistive multiplier that exploits the unique current-voltage (I-V) relation of resonant-tunneling diodes. It is shown that efficient odd-harmonic conversion is possible and that even harmonics do not appear because of the antisymmetry of the I-V curve. In addition, with the proper choice of resonant-tunneling structure and pump amplitude, most of the harmonic output power can be confined to a single, odd-harmonic frequency. Fifth-harmonic multiplication has been demonstrated with output at 21.75 GHz and a power conversion efficiency of 0.5% in a coaxial circuit. Circuit simulation using an improved I-V curve yields a fifth-harmonic efficiency of 2.7%, suggesting that useful harmonic output in the millimeter and submillimeter spectrum should be achievable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341296
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fundamental oscillations up to 200 GHz in resonant tunneling diodes and new estimates of their maximum oscillation frequency from stationary-state tunneling theory (1988)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 64 (1988), S. 1519-1529 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Fundamental oscillations have been measured up to 200 GHz in resonant-tunneling diodes at room temperature. Oscillations in the range 102–112 GHz were achieved with diodes mounted in a WR-6 waveguide resonator, and the peak output power in this range was approximately 5 μW. The same diodes oscillated between 192 and 201 GHz and generated about 0.2 μW when mounted in a WR-3 resonator. The estimated maximum oscillation frequency ( fmax) for these devices is 244 GHz, assuming the average drift velocity across the depletion layer to be 4×107 cm s−1. This estimate has been obtained from a new phenomenological theory of the negative differential conductance which accounts for the frequency-dependent spreading resistance and transit-time delay. The theory is also used to show that diodes having fmax exceeding 600 GHz are feasible simply by modifying the doping profile in the regions on either side of the double-barrier structure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.341827
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and characterization of high current density, high-speed InAs/AlSb resonant tunneling diodes (1991)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 58 (1991), S. 275-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: High quality resonant tunneling diodes have been fabricated from the InAs/AlSb material system (InAs quantum well and cladding layers, AlSb barriers) on (100)GaAs substrates. A diode with a 6.4-nm-thick InAs quantum well and 1.5-nm-thick AlSb barriers yielded a room-temperature peak current density of 3.7×105 A cm−2 and peak-to-valley current ratio of 3.2. This corresponds to an available current density of 2.6×105 A cm−2, which is comparable to that of the best In0.53Ga0.47As/AlAs diodes grown on lattice-matched substrates and is three times higher than that of the best GaAs/AlAs diode reported to date. These results were obtained in spite of a 7.2% lattice mismatch between the InAs epilayers and the GaAs substrates, which leads to a measured threading dislocation density of roughly 109 cm−2. The experimental peak voltage and current density are in good agreement with theoretical calculations based on a stationary-state transport model with a two-band envelope function approximation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.104659
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coherent millimeter-wave generation by heterodyne conversion in low-temperature-grown GaAs photoconductors (1993)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 73 (1993), S. 1480-1484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An analysis has been carried out of optical heterodyne conversion with an interdigitated-electrode photomixer made from low-temperature-grown (LTG) GaAs and pumped by two continuous-wave, frequency-offset pump lasers. The analytic prediction is in excellent agreement with the experimental results obtained recently on a photomixer having 1.0-μm-wide electrodes and gaps. The analysis predicts that a superior photomixer having 0.2-μm-wide electrodes and gaps would have a temperature-limited conversion efficiency of 2.0% at a low difference frequency, 1.6% at 94 GHz, and 0.5% at 300 GHz when connected to a broadband 100 Ω load resistance and pumped at hν=2.0 eV by a total optical power of 50 mW. The predicted 3-dB bandwidth (193 GHz) of this photomixer is limited by both the electron-hole recombination time (0.6 ps) of the LTG-GaAs material and the RC time constant (0.5 ps) of the photomixer circuit.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.353222
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