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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE ADSORPTION OF FOUR HERBICIDES BY DIFFERENT TYPES OF ORGANIC MATTER AND A BENTONITE CLAY (1969)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 9 (1969), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary. A bioassay was used to study, adsorption of prometryne, simazine, linuron and pyrazon by fibrous peat, sphagnum moss, muck soil and bentonite as 1 % mixtures with quartz sand. Of these bentonite caused least reduction in bioactivity, and sphagnum moss reduced it only slightly more. Fibrous peat and muck soil were the most adsorptive. Prometryne, simazine and pyrazon were more highly adsorbed by fibrous peat than by muck soil, while for linuron the opposite occurred. Fibrous peat was approximately three, seven, thirteen and three times more adsorptive than bentonite for pyrazon, linuron, prometryne and simazine, respectively, while for muck soil the corresponding values were two, fourteen, seven and two.Studies with prometryne and five different soils indicated that percentage organic matter, cation-exchange capacity and specific surface area were all highly correlated with adsorption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1969.tb01444.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Objectives and background to the 1994 Franco-Australian expedition to Taiaro Atoll (Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia) (1998)
    Springer
    Coral reefs 17 (1998), S. 15-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0975
    Keywords: Key words Coral reef fishes ; Surveys ; Life cycle ; Hydrodynamics ; Larval dispersal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The 9 km2 uplifted lagoon of Taiaro Atoll (15°45′S, 144°38′W) is hypersaline due to its isolation from the ocean, yet it contains a high diversity of fish. The question unifying our expedition was to discover whether these assemblages could be self-sustaining despite very limited contact with the ocean. Although we were constrained by time, collections of fish larvae showed that some species can complete their life-cycle within the lagoon, while others differed genetically between the lagoon and the ocean, consistent with restricted gene flow. The lagoon contained few oceanic species of zooplankton, confirming its general isolation, but nevertheless some fish species may depend upon infrequent colonisation from the ocean (when large waves drive water over the normally dry reef crest). Isotopic signatures in fish otoliths suggest the basis for a more definitive and inclusive test of the sources of the lagoonal assemblage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003380050087
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tropical zooplankton in the highly-enclosed lagoon of Taiaro Atoll (Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia) (1998)
    Springer
    Coral reefs 17 (1998), S. 29-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0975
    Keywords: key words Net zooplankton ; Demersal Community composition ; Distribution Decapod larvae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Nocturnal zooplankton assemblages around Taiaro Atoll were sampled over six nights during February 1994. Replicate zooplankton samples were collected at windward and leeward locations in the enclosed lagoon and adjacent ocean with a metered net (85 cm diameter, 500 μm mesh) towed for 15 min at 5 m depth. The zooplankton community in the lagoon was very different from that in the ocean. Oceanic samples contained 50 mostly holoplanktonic taxa (diversity index, H′=2.62; evenness index, J′=0.67). Lagoonal samples contained 19 mostly meroplanktonic taxa (H′=1.54, J′=0.52) with three taxa (decapod larvae; an ostracod, Cypridina sp.; a copepod, Acartia fossae) contributing 〉90% of the individuals. Unlike the ocean, zooplankton distributions in the lagoon were not homogenous; instead spatial patterns were apparently formed by the interaction between hydrodynamic processes and species-specific behaviour.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003380050090
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Replenishment of fish populations in the enclosed lagoon of Taiaro Atoll: (Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia) evidence from eggs and larvae (1998)
    Springer
    Coral reefs 17 (1998), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0975
    Keywords: Key words Fish larvae ; Dispersal ; Recruitment ; Coral reef lagoon ; Pelagic stage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Taiaro Atoll Lagoon is normally isolated from the ocean, but at least 125 marine fish species of 31 families are present there. We sampled fish larvae in Taiaro Lagoon and the nearby ocean in February 1994 with plankton net, neuston net and light trap to investigate which taxa were completing their life cycles in the lagoon. Concentrations of fish eggs and larvae were very high in the lagoon indicating intense spawning, but larvae of only 18 taxa of 10 families were present. Only six, a callionymid, gobiids, a hemiramphid, a microdesmid, and two pomacentrids, were present across a full range of pelagic sizes, and were clearly completing their pelagic stage in the lagoon. Four other taxa, an apogonid, two labrids and a scarid, were common, but the largest individuals were small (〈5 mm) postflexion larvae. These may have been completing their pelagic stage in the lagoon. The remaining lagoonal larvae (eight taxa) were rare and at the preflexion stage, so we could only conclude that they hatched from eggs spawned in the lagoon. Nineteen taxa of 15 families found as adults in the lagoon were present outside the lagoon as larvae, but not inside, suggesting that they may not normally complete their life cycles in the lagoon. Horizontal distributions of larvae in the lagoon are apparently due to the interaction of larval vertical distribution behaviour with a wind-driven countercurrent system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003380050085
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Large scale spatial and temporal variation in recruitment to fish populations on coral reefs (1984)
    Springer
    Oecologia 64 (1984), S. 191-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Visual census was used to sample young of the year of fish species recruited to each of two habitats on seven lagoonal platform reefs of the Capricorn-Bunker Group, Great Barrier Reef. The reefs sampled span an area 70 km in extent. In 1983, 62 species from 13 families were detected as recruits on reef slope sites. The total number of cruits, and the number of each of 6 of 16 species tested, differed significantly among reefs, despite the fact that differences among sites within reefs did not exist, and that sampled slopes were chosen to be hydrographically, and physiographically as similar as possible. Lagoonal patch reefs were sampled in two years. In 1982, 76 species of 11 families occurred as recruits. In 1983, 86 species of 12 families were recorded. All of 22 species common enough to test showed some significant variation in abundance among reefs, years, or both. For 9 species, significant year x reef interactions occurred, demonstrating that relative recruitment success among reefs varied between years. Reasons for the substantial levels of variability are discussed, and implications for the organisation of reef fish communities are considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00376870
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acanthochromis polyacanthus, a fish lacking larval dispersal, has genetically differentiated populations at local and regional scales on the Great Barrier Reef (1994)
    Springer
    Marine biology 121 (1994), S. 11-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Acanthochromis Gill is a monotypic genus within the damselfish family Pomacentridae, erected for an unusual species [A. polyacanthus (Bleeker)] that uniquely lacks larval dispersal. Instead, offspring are reared in the parental territory, in the manner of cichlids, and fledged into the surrounding habitat. Phenotypic and genotypic variation was surveyed on the basis of body colouration and 7 polymorphic loci in 19 populations from 5 regions of the central and southern Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Variation in both characters was found at regional and local scales. Two colour morphs were recognised: a bicoloured morph from the three northern regions and a uniform dark morph from the two southern regions. Isozyme analysis showed a similar pattern with greatest variation between the different morphs, but also with significant variation at both regional and local scales within morphotypes. Heterozygosity was maximal in the central populations, which, together with other measures of variability, suggests a mixing of separate gene pools in this region and denies species status to the two morphotypes despite numerous fixed differences in allele frequencies between the most distant populations. The presence of fixed differences in multiple alleles between populations separated by 1000 km indicates negligible gene flow over such distances and long isolation of these gene pools. These patterns may reflect recolonisation of the GBR after the last sea-level rise by fish from two stocks. Founder effects and random drift in small populations after colonisation are probably the major sources of the local and regional variations observed at smaller spatial scales. This diversity has been maintained among populations at all scales by the very low levels of gene flow possible without an effective strategy for larval dispersal between coral reefs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00349469
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic relationships of the colour morphs of Acanthochromis polyacanthus (Pomacentridae) on the northern Great Barrier Reef (1997)
    Springer
    Marine biology 130 (1997), S. 109-117 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Acanthochromis polyacanthus is an unusual tropical damselfish because it lacks pelagic larvae and has lost the capacity for broad-scale dispersal among coral reefs. On the modern Great Barrier Reef, this fish has multiple colour morphs and we have previously described steep genetic clines in the central region between three colour morphs. A similar transition of colour morphs has been found in the far northern region (Latitude 11°S), where at least five colour morphs and intergrading hybrids were found during a survey of 14 locations on nine adjacent reefs. On two of these reefs, monochromatic white and bicoloured morphs coexist, partitioning the reef slope vertically when sympatric, but occupying the full depth range elsewhere. In areas of overlap, they interbreed, producing hybrids of intermediate colour. Although the discriminatory power of our genetic analysis was weakened by the low level of variability in these populations (only four polymorphic loci), allozyme electrophoresis revealed significant genetic differentiation within and among reefs. There was neither simple linkage between colour and protein variation, nor correlation between genetic similarity and proximity of sampled populations. We suggest that the observed chaotic structure is the result of differences among the founding populations, although the two colour-based stocks have been homogenized through a long history of introgression during multiple episodes of isolation and secondary contact. Despite genetic mixing, phenotypic diversity (i.e. colour morphs) seems to have been preserved in these populations by sexual selection, perhaps reinforced by natural selection. The long-term stability of this outcome, however, is suggested by the presence of unique morphs on two reefs that are detached from the continental shelf and surrounded by very deep water. The strong identity of these populations can be attributed to long occupation of these isolated sites compared with those on the continental shelf which have only been established in the last 15 000 yr and still retain differences arising from the initial founder events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270050230
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diel, lunar and seasonal rhythms in the reproduction of two tropical damselfishes: Pomacentrus flavicauda and P. wardi (1983)
    Springer
    Marine biology 75 (1983), S. 215-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It has been hypothesized that site-attached coral reef fishes breed during periods when their offspring will be rapidly flushed from the reef environment, but within the season when these propagules are least likely to be forever lost from the local populations. Daily, monthly and annual rhythms were observed in the reproduction between November 1978 and February 1980 of two tropical damselfishes, Pomacentrus flavicauda and P. wardi, from the southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. These data support the first part of the hypothesis, but not the explanation for seasonality. When breeding, females of both species spawned demersal eggs into the care of males during a brief period at first light. After several days, larvae hatched from these eggs during another brief period after sunset. An experiment confirmed that the change from light to dark triggered the hatchings and that the emerging larvae were photopositive. Eggs of P. flavicauda usually hatched on the evening of their fourth day in the nest; eggs of P. wardi hatched on their fifth day. A small proportion of eggs required longer incubation. Hatching success was ∼ 90%. When breeding, both species spawned in bi-weekly cycles synchronised with the phases of the moon. The largest clutches, as well as the most clutches, were laid at the peaks of these cycles. In the case of P. flavicauda, maximum hatchings occurred on days during which spring high tides fell near sunset (the cue for hatching to begin). It is likely that these hatchlings were rapidly flushed off the reef by the ebbing tides. The hatching cycles of P. wardi consistently peaked 4 d earlier in the lunar month. Consequently, hatchlings of this species remained in shallow water at least one tidal cycle longer than those of P. flavicauda. This difference may be a consequence of the different habitat specialisations of the two species. Both species bred seasonally during the warmest, calmest months of the year. This is not the period of least current flow on the Great Barrier Reef. The observed seasonality may reflect the best times for larval survival in the open sea rather than an adaptation that limits the loss of offspring from the parent populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00406005
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The cytotoxicity evaluation of Kevlar and silicon carbide by MTT assay (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 5 (1994), S. 441-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: The MTT test has been widely used as a rapid and sensitive method for screening anticancer drugs. In this paper, we used this method to assess the cytocompatibility of three materials: Keviar 29, silicon carbide and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in both a quantitative and a qualitative manner. The materials were prepared by cleaning in 70% ethanol, autoclaved or gamma-sterilized. Extracts were prepared at four time periods (1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks) and two temperatures (37°C and 80°C). The extracts were used in the MTT assay and the data were collected and analysed with ONEWAY and DUNCAN procedures using the statistical computer package SPSSx. The MTT staining procedure was also used in direct contact with the materials. The result from the MTT assay demonstrated that Kevlar, SiC and PVC extracted at 37°C were not cytotoxic while PVC extracted at 80°C did show some cytotoxicity, especially the material that had been gamma-sterilized. In the direct contact test the Kevlar showed no cytotoxicity. The SiC did show some localized toxicity when the material had been autoclaved, however, SiC subject to prior cleaning with ethanol showed no cytotoxicity. The PVC that had been autoclaved caused a cytotoxic response whereas the material that had been gamma-sterilized or cleaned in ethanol showed good cytocompatibility. This paper demonstrates that the MTT staining procedure is a useful technique to study the cytocompatibility of materials in both a quantitative and a qualitative manner. It is also shown that the cellular response to the materials tested is dependent on the method of preparation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00058980
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of cell behaviour on the surfaces of multifilament materials (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 8 (1997), S. 45-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Since many fibres are very strong, they are considered to have useful potential for fibre reinforcement of orthopaedic and dental implant materials. Fibres exposed on the surface of composites may significantly influence the cellular response not only due to the chemistry but also due to the fibre size and shape. This study has concentrated on investigation of cellular responses to fibre-specific aspects of fibre-reinforced composites. Four multifilament materials with diameter less than 20 μm were used: Kevlar 29(K), silicon carbide(SiC), nylon 66(N), and polyethylene terephthalate(PET). Established cell line L929 fibroblasts were used as the cell model. Cell behaviour on the surfaces of fibres was examined using direct cell counting (after 3, 5, 8 h and 1, 2, 3 days), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (after 2 h and 2 days), and fluorescent staining of F-actin, which was analysed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) (after 2 h and 2 days). The results showed that fibroblasts adhered and grew very well on all fibre surfaces, although less cells were observed on PET from direct cell counting. Significant orientational behaviour of cells was found on all fibre surfaces from the SEM and CLSM analysis, independent of the bulk chemistry of the fibres.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018542313236
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