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  • 1
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    Satellite analysis of the severe 1987 forest fires in northern China and southeastern Siberia (1994)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Meteorological conditions, extremely conducive to fire development and spread in the spring of 1987, resulted in forest fires burning over extremely large areas in the boreal forest zone in northeastern China and the southeastern region of Siberia. The great China fire, one of the largest and most destructive forest fires in recent history, occurred during this period in the Heilongjiang Province of China. Satellite imagery is used to examine the development and areal distribution of 1987 forest fires in this region. Overall trace gas emissions to the atmosphere from these fires are determined using a satellite-derived estimate of area burned in combination with fuel consumption figures and carbon emission ratios for boreal forest fires.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 99; D9; p. 18,627-18,638
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  • 2
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    Emissions of nitrous oxide from biomass burning (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A study has been conducted which compared N2O results obtained over large prescribed fires or wildfires, in which 'grab-sampling' with storage had been used with N2O measurements made in near-real time. CO2-normalized emission ratios obtained initially from the laboratory fires are substantially lower than those obtained over large-scale biomass fires. Combustion may not be the only source of N2O in large fire smoke plumes; physical, chemical, and biochemical processes in the soil may be altered by large biomass fires, leading to large N2O releases.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
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  • 3
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    Biomass burning - Combustion emissions, satellite imagery, and biogenic emissions (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: After detailing a technique for the estimation of the instantaneous emission of trace gases produced by biomass burning, using satellite imagery, attention is given to the recent discovery that burning results in significant enhancement of biogenic emissions of N2O, NO, and CH4. Biomass burning accordingly has an immediate and long-term impact on the production of atmospheric trace gases. It is presently demonstrated that satellite imagery of fires may be used to estimate combustion emissions, and could be used to estimate long-term postburn biogenic emission of trace gases to the atmosphere.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 4
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    Aerosol characterization in smoke plumes from a wetlands fire (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Results are presented from airborne measurements of aerosol mass loading, size distribution, and elemental composition obtained in a smoke plume from a fire at a Florida wildlife refuge. It is found that there was a high concentration of carbon-containing aerosols and salt crystals in the 0.1-0.2 micron size range; the composition and morphology of the aerosols differed with size. Aerosol mass concentrations are used in conjunction with those obtained for CO2 in order to calculate ratios of aerosol and CO2. The ratios are noted to be higher for the smoldering phase of the fire than for its flaming phase.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
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  • 5
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    Trace gas and particulate emissions from biomass burning in temperate ecosystems (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Emissions measured from fires in graminoid wetlands, Mediterranean chaparrals, and boreal forests, suggest that such ecosystemic parameters as fuel size influence combustion emissions in ways that are broadly predictable. The degree of predictability is most noticeable when wetland fire-related results are compared with boreal forest emissions; the inorganic fraction of the particulate emissions is close in composition irrespective of the ecosystem. It is found that both aerosol and trace gas emissions are influenced by the phase of combustion.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
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  • 6
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    The great Chinese fire of 1987 - A view from space (1991)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: One of the largest forest fires ever recorded burned in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Soviet Union in May 1987. The fire covered over 1.0 million hectares in the PRC and almost 4 million hectares in the Soviet Union. The progress and areal extent of the fire were measured using satellite images analyzed in the imaging facilities at NASA-Langley and Forestry Canada. The analyses show the utility and value of satellite measurements to assess the areal extent and geographical distribution of fires, and have important implications for future measurements to be obtained from space platforms, such as the Earth Observing System.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 7
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    Evaluation of a technique for satellite-derived area estimation of forest fires (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR), has been found useful for the location and monitoring of both smoke and fires because of the daily observations, the large geographical coverage of the imagery, the spectral characteristics of the instrument, and the spatial resolution of the instrument. This paper will discuss the application of AVHRR data to assess the geographical extent of burning. Methods have been developed to estimate the surface area of burning by analyzing the surface area effected by fire with AVHRR imagery. Characteristics of the AVHRR instrument, its orbit, field of view, and archived data sets are discussed relative to the unique surface area of each pixel. The errors associated with this surface area estimation technique are determined using AVHRR-derived area estimates of target regions with known sizes. This technique is used to evaluate the area burned during the Yellowstone fires of 1988.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; 3805-381
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  • 8
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    Kuwait oil fires - Compositions of source smoke (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: While the Kuwait oil-fire smoke plumes manifested a pronounced impact on solar radiation in the Gulf region (such as visibility and surface temperatures), smoke plume concentrations of combustion-generated pollutants suggest that the overall chemical impact on the atmosphere of the smoke from these fires was probably much less than anticipated. Combustion in the Kuwaiti oil fires was surprisingly efficient, releasing on average more than 93 percent of the combusted hydrocarbon fuels as CO2. Correspondingly, combustion-produced quantities of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbonaceous particles were low, each about 2 percent by weight. The fraction of CH4 produced by the fires was also relatively low (about 0.2 percent), but source emissions of nonmethane hydrocarbons were high (about 2 percent). Processes other than combustion (e.g., volatilization) probably contributed significantly to the measured in-plume hydrocarbon concentrations. Sulfur emissions (particulate and gaseous) measured at the source fires were lower (about 0.5 percent) than predicted based on average sulfur contents in the crude. N2O emissions from the Kuwaiti oil fires were very low and often could not be distinguished from background concentrations.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 97; D13,; 14
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  • 9
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    Seasonal distribution of African savanna fires (1992)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The temporal and spatial distribution of savanna fires over the entire African continent, as determined from nighttime satellite imagery, is described. It is found that, contrary to expectations, most fires are left to burn uncontrolled, so that there is no strong diurnal cycle in the fire frequency. The knowledge gained from this study regarding the distribution and variability of fires is helpful in the monitoring of climatically important trace gases emitted from burning biomass.
    Keywords: GEOSCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 359; 6398; p. 812-815.
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  • 10
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    Gaseous emissions from Canadian boreal forest fires (1990)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: CO2-normalized emission ratios for carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), total nonmethane hydrocarbons (TNMHC), and nitrous oxide (N2O) were determined from smoke samples collected during low-altitude helicopter flights over two prescribed fires in northern Ontario, Canada. The emission ratios determined from these prescribed boreal forest fires are compared to emission ratios determined over two graminoid (grass) wetlands fires in central Florida and are found to be substantially higher (elevated levels of reduced gas production relative to CO2) during all stages of combustion. These results argue strongly for the need to characterize biomass burning emissions from the major global vegetation/ecosystems in order to couple combustion emissions to their vegetation/ecosystem type.
    Keywords: ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION
    Type: Atmospheric Environment (ISSN 0004-6981); 24A; 7, 19
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