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1

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Water-stable aggregates and organic matter pools in a calcareous vineyard soil under four soil-surface management systems (2004)

Goulet, E. ; Dousset, S. ; Chaussod, R. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Soil use and management 20 (2004), S. 0

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ISSN: 1475-2743

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract. Vineyards in Champagne, France are generally situated on slopes where the soils are subject to erosion. Therefore it is important to find a soil-surface management practice that protects the soil against water erosion. We assessed the potential of mulches or grass covers to stabilize soil aggregates in a calcareous sandy loam from a vineyard in Champagne after 9 years under different management systems. Four different treatments were studied: (i) a bluegrass (Poa pratensis) surface cover between the vine rows (GC) with bare soil under the vines (R); two organic mulches of (ii) coniferous (CB) or (iii) poplar (PB) bark that covered the entire soil surface, and (iv) bare soil between the rows as a control. The bark amendments were applied every 3 years at rates of 61 and 67 t ha−1 for the PB and CB treatments, respectively. The kinetics of soil disaggregation in water fitted a power law (A=K t−D), in which K was the fraction of water-stable 〉200 μm aggregates remaining after 1 hour of wet-sieving. In the 0–5 cm layer, aggregate stability was greater for GC (K=21.7), CB (K=15.2) and PB (K=13.6) than for the control (K=10.5) and R (K=11.8). In the 0–20 cm layer, CB also stabilized soil aggregates (K=14.0–15.0); but PB did not. Structural stability was more strongly related to total organic carbon (R2=0.64, P 〈0.001) than to microbial biomass carbon (R2=0.54, P〈0.001). A bluegrass cover enhanced structural stability in the 0–5 cm and 0–20 cm layers (K=14.2), probably because of intense root development and rhizodeposition enhancing microbially produced metabolites, such as carbohydrates. Establishing grass cover or applying bark mulch are effective agricultural practices that improve soil aggregate stability and thus should reduce soil erosion. The vegetative growth of the vines was greater on the soils amended with bark mulches and less on the grass covered soils compared with the control soil; however, no difference in wine quality was observed among the different treatments.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2004.tb00376.x

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The relationship between copper accumulated in vineyard calcareous soils and soil organic matter and iron (2002)

Parat, C. ; Chaussod, R. ; Lévêque, J. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

European journal of soil science 53 (2002), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2389

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: The intensive use for over 100 years of copper sulphate (Bordeaux mixture) to fight mildew in vineyards has led to a substantial accumulation of copper (Cu) in surface soils. To assess the effects of such large concentrations, the surface soils of 10 Burgundy vineyards were sampled and analysed for total organic matter (carbon and nitrogen) and metal (copper and iron) contents. Physical (i.e. size fractionation) and chemical (sequential extraction) methods were used to determine the distribution of these elements. The most Cu-contaminated plots showed the largest accumulation of organic carbon and Cu in the coarse sand and fine sand fractions. Copper was strongly correlated with organic carbon and organic nitrogen in the coarse sand fraction and with organic nitrogen in the fine sand fraction. Copper was also highly correlated with both Fe and organic nitrogen in the clay fraction but not significantly with organic carbon. The sequential extraction showed that Cu was bound mainly to the Fe oxides. However, in the most Cu-contaminated plots, a part of added Cu was bound to organic matter. This study suggests that Cu protected indirectly the organic matter present in the coarse fractions against biodegradation, and therefore modified the distribution of organic carbon among the particle-size fractions. Iron appeared as the main factor responsible for Cu accumulation in the clay fraction, mainly through inclusion of Cu in Fe oxyhydroxides and possibly in clay–humus complexes.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.2002.00478.x

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3

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Side-effects of herbicides on the size and activity of the soil microflora: DNOC as a test case (1996)

ROUARD, N. ; DICTOR, M.-C. ; CHAUSSOD, R. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

European journal of soil science 47 (1996), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2389

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Recent advances in measuring soil microbial biomass by chloroform fumigation–extraction (CFE) and microbial heterotrophic activity interpreted by quantitative concentration–activity relations (QCAR) have renewed interest in assessing side–effects of agricultural chemicals on soil microorganisms. We have studied the effects of a herbicide, 4,6-dinitroorthocresol (DNOC), taken as a test chemical, on the rate of microbial carbon turnover and the size of the soil microbial biomass. We used the CFE technique in combination with in-situ labelling of the soil biomass. Exposure of prelabelled soil samples to the herbicide resulted in a significant increase in 14CO2 production during which the radioactive carbon content of the microflora decreased exponentially without apparent reduction in the size of the biomass. The extra production of 14CO2 by DNOC-treated soil over control, or carbon-enriched soil, is the expression of an increased rate of endogenous metabolism to compensate for shortage in energy caused by a decoupling of ATP generation at the oxidative phosphorylations level by the DNOC. To assess the influence of DNOC on soil microbial communities we also compared the advantages of short-term respirometric tests with those resulting from application of heterotrophic activity measurements in connection with QCAR. Both procedures detected modifications in the metabolic behaviour of soil microorganisms when faced with chemical stress. Short-term respirometric tests showed that DNOC causes a decrease in the respirometric activity of the soil microflora. Measuring heterotrophic activity also makes it possible to interpret microbial responses in terms of changes in the physiological traits of the microbial communities. DNOC provokes an apparent enrichment in microorganisms with a smaller saturation constant, Km and, as a consequence, a greater affinity for carbon substrates.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01855.x

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Dissimilatory nitrite-reductase provides a competitive advantage to Pseudomonas sp. RTC01 to colonise the centre of soil aggregates (1996)

Philippot, L. ; Renault, P. ; Sierra, J. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

FEMS microbiology ecology 21 (1996), S. 0

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ISSN: 1574-6941

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract: The effect of soil aggregation on denitrification has been studied in different ways: artificial or natural aggregates individually analysed or comparison of denitrifying activity of different size classes of aggregates. However, until now, no work has been conducted to evaluate the role of denitrification in the microbial colonisation of soil aggregates. Over a one-month period, we examined on remoulded nonsterile soil aggregates the survival of inoculated wild-type Pseudomonas strain and of its corresponding isogenic Tn5 mutant (Nir−) lacking the ability to synthesize the dissimilative nitrite-reductase. Simultaneously, the evolution of the O2 repartition inside the soil aggregates was assessed by the use of microelectrodes. The inner and outer portions were roughly anoxic and oxic, respectively, during the entire experiment while the intermediate portion showed fluctuating aeration conditions. The values of the Nir− to wild-type + Nir− ratio were found in the following order: inner 〈 intermediate 〈 outer portion, demonstrating that the nitrite-reductase may provide a competitive advantage to the Pseudomonas strain to colonise the centre of soil aggregates. However, a clear differentiation between inner and outer aggregates portions was not observed with the indigenous microflora (denitrifiers-to-total heterotrophs, biomass or physiological abilities).

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.1996.tb00345.x

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5

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Impact of agricultural practices on the size and activity of the microbial biomass in a long-term field experiment (1995)

Houot, Sabine ; Chaussod, R.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 309-316

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Microbial biomass ; Microbial activity ; Long-term field experiment ; Fertilization ; Soil organic matter

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract The Dehérain long-term field experiment was initiated in 1875 to study the impact of fertilization on a wheat-sugarbeet rotation. In 1987, the rotation was stopped to be replaced by continuous maize. Crop residues were soil-incorporated and the mineral fertilization was doubled in some plots. The impact of those changes on the microbial biomass and activity are presented. In spring 1987, the soil was still in a steady-state condition corresponding to the rotation. The microbial biomass was correlated with total organic C and decreased in the order farmyard manure〉mineral NPK〉unfertilized control. Microbial specific respiratory activity was higher in the unfertilized treatments. The soil biomass was closely related to soil N plant uptake. In 1989, after 2 years of maize and crop residue incorporation, the steady-state condition corresponding to the previous agricultural practices disappeared. So did the relationship between the biomass and total organic C, and the soil N plant uptake. Biomass specific respiratory activity increased because of low efficiency in the use of maize residues by microbes under N stress.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336100

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6

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Mycorrhizal dependency of micropropagated argan tree (Argania spinosa): II. Mineral nutrition (1994)

Nouaim, R. ; Lineres, M. ; Esvan, J. -M. ; [et al.]

Springer

Agroforestry systems 27 (1994), S. 67-77

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ISSN: 1572-9680

Keywords: Argania spinosa ; micro-elements ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; V.A. mycorrhization

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'influence de la mycorhization V.A. sur la nutrition minérale de 2 clones d'Arganier (Argania spinosa) a été étudiée sur des plantules micropropagées in vitro poussant en conditions contrôlées. L'inoculation (qui augmentait la production de matière sèche d'un facteur 4,5) accroit également la teneur des plantes en phosphore, notamment dans les feuilles, et les plantes mycorhizées mobilisent 15 fois plus de phosphore que les plantes non inoculées. La teneur en azote est légèrement plus faible chez les plantes mycorhizées mais au total ces dernières exportent 3 fois plus d'azote. L'absorption des micro-éléments est aussi affectée par l'inoculation, qui accroit les teneurs des plantes en Fe, Zn et Cu. La nutrition minérale des deux clones étudiés semble affectée par le rapport racines/parties aériennes et d'autres caractéristiques génétiques, comme l'efficacité de translocation du fer. Ces résultats nous permettent de comprendre en quoi son système racinaire profond et mycorhizé permet à l'Arganier non seulement de pousser dans des zones arides aux sols pauvres, mais aussi d'améliorer la fertilité des couches supérieures du sol par l'effet litière.

Notes: Abstract The influence of V.A. mycorrhization on mineral nutrition of 2 clones ofArgania spinosa was studied with in-vitro micropropagated plantlets grown in confined medium under controlled conditions. Inoculation, which increased dry matter production by a factor of 4.5, also increased P concentration in the plant, especially in the leaves, and the mycorrhizal plants mobilized 15 times more P than control plants. N concentration was slightly lower in mycorrhizal plants, but total N content was 3 times higher. Uptake of micro elements was also affected, inoculation increasing plant Fe, Zn and Cu content. Mineral nutrition in the test clones seemed affected by root/shoot ratio and other genetically-related characteristics, such as Fe translocation efficiency. These results help us to understand how its deep mycorrhizal root system might allowArgania spinosa not only to grow in infertile arid areas but also to improve top-soil fertility by a litter effect.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00704835

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Mycorrhizal dependency of micropropagated argan tree (Argania spinosa): I. Growth and biomass production (1994)

Nouaim, R. ; Chaussod, R.

Springer

Agroforestry systems 27 (1994), S. 53-65

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ISSN: 1572-9680

Keywords: Argania spinosa ; Glomus intraradices ; growth effects ; V.A. mycorrhization

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'influence de la mycorhization V.A. a été étudiée chez l'arganier (Argania spinosa), arbre à croissance lente très important pour les systèmes agroforestiers des zones arides et semi-arides du Sud-Ouest marocain. Chez les plantules issues de micropropagation in vitro et cultivées en conditions contrôlées sur un substrat contenant 13.5 mgP·kg−1 (Olsen) auquel on rajoute 31 mgP·kg−1 par la fertilisation, l'inoculation accroit la longueur totale des axes, le diamètre au collet et la biomasse des plantes issus de multiplication in vitro. L'effet bénéfique augmente avec le temps et, après 6 mois, la matière sèche des parties aériennes était 5 à 6 fois plus élevée chez les plantes inoculées que chez les témoins non inoculés. L'Indice de Dépendence Mycorhizienne Relative, calculé sur la matière sèche totale, atteint 77–78% à la fin de l'expérience. Calculé sur la matière sèche des seules parties aériennes, l'I.D.M.R. est de 81–83%, situant l'Arganier parmi les plantes les plus dépendantes de la symbiose mycorhizienne. Le rapport racines/parties aériennes est nettement réduit (de 40 à 50%) par l'inoculation, mettant en évidence la meilleure efficacité d'un système racinaire mycorhizé.

Notes: Abstract The influence of V.A. mycorrhization was studied on two clones of in-vitro micropropagated plantlets ofArgania spinosa, a slow-growing tree of great importance in agroforestry systems in the semi-arid and arid zones of southwestern Morocco. Inoculation increased total shoot length, stem girth and biomass of the plants, when cultivated in controlled conditions with a phosphorus fertilization of 31 mgP·kg−1 added to a substrate already containing 13.5 mg·kg−1 available P (Olsen). The positive effect increased with time and, after 6 months, the above-ground dry matter production was 5 to 6 times higher for inoculated plants. The Relative Mycorrhizal Dependency Index, calculated on total dry matter, reached 77–78% at the end of experiment. Calculated on above-ground dry matter, the R.M.D.I. was 81–83%, placing the argan tree among the plants most dependent on mycorrhizal symbiosis. The root/shoot ratio was markedly (40–50%) reduced by inoculation, demonstrating the higher efficiency of a mycorrhizal root system.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00704834

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