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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of organic chemistry 50 (1985), S. 1702-1711 
    ISSN: 1520-6904
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 109 (1998), S. 9244-9251 
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The phenol⋅N2 complex cation has been studied with a combination of two-color resonant zero kinetic energy (ZEKE) and mass analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectroscopies to probe the interaction of a polar cation with a quadrupolar solvent molecule. Extended vibrational progressions are observed in three modes which are assigned as the in-plane bend (35 cm−1), the stretch (117 cm−1), and in-plane wag (130 cm−1) intermolecular vibrations, and are consistent with a structure where the N2 forms a directional bond to the phenol OH group in the plane of the aromatic ring. Ab initio calculations at the UMP2/6-31G*, UHF/cc-pVDZ, and UMP2/cc-pVDZ levels of theory support this assignment. The spectra also provide a value for the adiabatic ionization energy (67 423 cm−1±4.5 cm−1) and an estimate of the dissociation energy of the cluster (1650±20 cm−1) which illustrate that the quadrupolar nitrogen molecule binds considerably more strongly to the phenol cation than a rare gas atom. These results constitute the first report of an aromatic⋅N2 complex where the interaction can be described in terms of weak hydrogen bonding, rather than in terms of a van der Waals bond to the π-system of the benzene ring. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 193 (1962), S. 899-900 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In sections examined with an electron microscope neurones are readily recognizable in the ganglia of the jellyfish and in the nerve rings of Hydromedusae, where they are abundant. In Aurelia and Cyanea the epithelium of a ganglion is composed largely of narrow columnar sensory cells, the axons of ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 31 (1978), S. 128-168 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The microanatomy of a cubopolyp (polypoid stage of Cubomedusae) is described for the first time. The 0.5–1.0 mm long polyp ofTripedialia cystophora has an oral cone with special lip cells at the mouth. Next is a baggy calyx occasionally followed by a slender stalk. The basal region is surrounded by a thin periderm. A single row of tentacles is at the oral cone/calyx junction. The mesoglea is thin and non-cellular. The muscular system of the ectoderm is composed of smooth longitudinal epitheliomuscular cells in the oral cone, tentacle, stalk and calyx. The calyx ectoderm also sends longitudinal muscle fibers into the mesoglea. The mesogleal muscle fibers seem to contain paramyosin and perhaps are doubly innervated: one set of neurites for contraction and one for relaxation. A circular endodermal system of filaments, probably actin, is found in all regions. The tentacles have a solid core of a single row of endodermal cells capable of phagocytosis. The ectodermal tip is swollen with longitudinally aligned nematocysts. The distal part of the tentacle contains striated ectodermal myofibers. The nervous system is unique in having an endodermal/ectodermal nerve ring pair at the calyx/oral cone junction. Ganglion cells are not apparent. Presumed sense cells have complicated microvilli and no flagellar rootlet. A cell fitting the description of a neurosecretory neurone is especially prominent in the oral cone's endoderm. It has a major process reaching the coelenteron. Round macrogranular cells corresponding to the amoebocytes of the Scyphozoa and Anthozoa are found. There are no interstitial cells. The oral cone's flagellated endoderm is made up of mucous cells, cells with small dark granules, cells with large granules and rodlets in the cytoplasm, and a few absorptive cells. The calyx endoderm is very thick (120 μm) and is made up of flagellated absorptive, mucous and granular cells. Ingested food is transformed into basal droplets. 4 size and shape types of the microbasic eurytele category make up the cnidome. The largest nematocyst types are found at the tentacle's tip. Like a hydropolyp, the cubopolyp lacks gastral septa and is in other features radially symmetrical. Like a scyphopolyp, the cubopolyp has mesogleal muscles and no interstitial cells. Unique histological features are the nerve rings and tentacular striated muscles.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 32 (1976), S. 1047-1049 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary New observations on the morphology, anatomy, asexual reproduction and metamorphosis of the formerly unknown polyp of the tropical Cubomedusae resulted in the conclusion that a new class Cubozoa must be established and positioned between the Scyphozoa and Hydrozoa. This conclusion could be confirmed by the histological investigation of the cubopolyp's muscular and nervous systems by light and transmission electron microscopy.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 23 (1972), S. 393-421 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. A solitary and a branched (colonial) species ofStephanoscyphus belonging to the scyphozoan order Coronatae were studied by means of histochemistry, light microscopy and by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. 2. Coronate polyps are unlike all other cnidarian polyps in having a ring sinus in the oral end with four per-radial openings to the coelenteron. 3. The lining of the lateral wall of the ring sinus is remarkable in that the cells are so large, most of the cytoplasm is taken up by a large vacuole, the nucleus is apical and between some of the cells are unbranched elastic fibers aligned at right angles to the epithelial surface. 4. The organization of the muscular system is also peculiar because much of it is related to the ring sinus. Musculo-epithelia from the oral disk and medial sinus wall meet and continue aborally as four flattened tubular retractors containing cnidoblasts. 5. In the colonial species some muscle fibers contain structures resembling ciliary rootlets. 6. The intermediate layer is of the mesolamella type. 7. The tentacles have longitudinal ectodermal epithelio-muscular cells and a solid core composed of a single line of vacuolated endodermal cells which contain peripheral fibrous rings. 8. The medial sinus wall and the epithelia of the calyx can be less than 0.1µm. 9. The ectoderm and endoderm of the calyx-stalk are each composed of one cell type. This is the simplest organization for the body wall of any cnidarian polyp. 10. There are four small septa in the oral region. 11. Four special cellular bands, called filaments, are found in the coelenteron starting in the oral disk then travelling along the edge of the septa finally going aborally along the stalk. In the oral region the filament is round in cross-section then flattens out aborally. 12. The neurites are typically cnidarian (neurotubules, granular vesicles but noSchwann cells) and were noted in the filaments and retractor muscle tubes but the tentacles lacked neurites. 13. Teeth are formed only after 4µm of the periderm are laid down. Next the soft-body invaginates at the tooth site and then the ectoderm secretes the tooth periderm. 14. The tubal periderm thickens at 0.6µm per day and stops when it reaches about 20µm. 15. An experimental hole in the periderm is not filled in but the bottom is covered over by new periderm which would have been secreted anyway in an intact polyp. The ectoderm over the hole thickens but histochemistry failed to show anything definite. 16. The periderm can be divided into two layers: the 4µm outer sulptured layer is formed by a special thick band of ectoderm at the oral end of the calyx; the thicker part of the periderm is smooth and is formed by the ectoderm of the calyx and stalk. 17. The cytological peculiarities, comparative anatomy and functional morphology are discussed.
    Notes: Kurzfassung Dieser Beitrag stellt die erste eingehende Studie über die Mikroanatomie je einer typischen solitären und koloniebildenden Art des GenusStephanoscyphus dar, das der Scyphozoenordnung Coronatae angehört. (Die atypische Form ist die in Japan endemische SpeciesS. racemosus.) Die morphologische Gliederung des Körpers in Kopfteil (Capitulum), Calix und Stielabschnitt wird beschrieben. Die Coronatenpolypen zeichnen sich durch den Besitz eines Ringkanals im Kopfabschnitt aus, der mit dem Coelenteron durch 4 perradiale Öffnungen in Verbindung steht. Ein Teil der Wandung des Ringkanals besitzt bemerkenswerte intercelluläre, intraepitheliale und unverzweigte elastische Fibern, die senkrecht zur Oberfläche des Epithels orientiert sind. Die komplexe Natur des Muskelsystems steht in Zusammenhang mit dem Besitz des Ringkanals. Das Ektoderm über seiner medianen Wand hat Längsmuskeln, die sich mit den Radialmuskeln der Mundscheibe vereinigen. Beide Muskelkomplexe bilden zusammen die 4 interradialen, abgeflachten, röhrenförmigen Muskelstränge, die in aboraler Richtung verlaufen und als Retraktoren dienen; sie enthalten im Inneren Cnidoblasten. Die proximale Tentakelmuskulatur geht von der medianen Wand des Ringkanals aus, während für das distale Ende des Tentakels eine feine Längsmuskulatur charakteristisch ist. Das solide Innere der Tentakel besteht aus einer Reihe von großvakuoligen Entodermzellen, die periphere Fibrillenringe unbekannter Funktion tragen. Die Schicht zwischen Ekto- und Entoderm besteht aus einer dünnen, zellfreien Mesolamella (Basalmembran). Die Epithelien des Calix und einiger anderer Körperregionen können eine Dicke von nur 0,1µm haben. Ekto- und Entoderm der Calix- und Stielregion bestehen nur aus je einem Zelltyp; dadurch repräsentiert der Coronatenpolyp — mindestens für diese Körperregion und wahrscheinlich auch für andere Teile — den histologisch einfachsten Cnidariertyp. Das Coelenteron besitzt 4 schwach ausgebildete, kurze interradiale Septen, deren Filamente als spezielle Zellbänder auf der Innenseite der Mundscheibe, auf den Kanten der Septen und in aboraler Richtung auf der Wand des Coelenterons bis in den Stiel verlaufen. Das Periderm besteht aus der basalen Haftscheibe und der Röhre, die eine charakteristische Oberflächenstruktur aufweist. Die Wand der Röhre verdickt sich um etwa 0,6µm pro Tag und erreicht eine maximale Dicke von etwa 20µm. Ein experimentell gesetzter Defekt der Röhrenwand wird nicht in vollständiger Wanddicke ausgefüllt, vielmehr wird nur die Innenseite (der Boden) der Öffnung durch eine vom Ektoderm neugebildete, strukturlose Peridermschicht verschlossen. Die zahnartigen hohlen Vorsprünge der inneren Röhrenwand werden gebildet, wenn eine Wanddicke von 4µm erreicht ist. Die Zahnbildung geht in der Weise vor sich, daß sich der Weichkörper an begrenzten, im Querschnitt symmetrisch angeordneten Stellen von der Röhrenwand abhebt und daß die entstehenden Höhlungen der Körperwand nach außen Peridermsubstanz ausscheiden. Ein verdicktes Epidermisband auf der Außenseite des Kopfteils bildet in einer schwach ausgebildeten peripheren Rinne die äußere, mit der Skulptur versehene Schicht der Peridermwandung, die eine Dicke von etwa 4µm hat. Die sich kontinuierlich verdickende innere glatte Schicht der Röhrenwandung wird vom Ektoderm des Calix und des Stiels gebildet.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 25 (1973), S. 214-227 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. On morphological and behavioral grounds as well as on the basis of flagellar currents, three scyphopolyp types can be recognized if one restricts oneself to the Orders Coronatae and Semaeostomeae. The coronates include the flower-likeStephanoscyphus racemosus and the rest which are called the typical sort. 2. The three polyps could be compared, body region by region, with respect to their responses to touching with a glass rod. A previous study showed that the body regions of a semaeostome polyp were all neurologically isolated. The typical coronates, on the other hand, show more neurological interaction. When a tentacle is strongly stimulated, all the tentacles shorten and the polyp retracts. 3. The calyx-stalk region of the semaeostome polyp and the typical coronate polyps are rather insensitive to touch but the stalk ofS. racemosus is sensitive. 4. The three polyps were compared, body region by region, with respect to flagellar currents as shown by the movement of carmine particles in sea water. Coronate polyps do not have tentacular flagellar currents whereas the semaeostome polyp has a current directed centrifugally. 5. Coronates can defecate. Sometime after a meal the head end hyperextends laterally and the flagellar currents along the filaments (four special bands in the coelenteron) reverse to beat towards the head thus clearing the debris from the coelenteron. This seems to be followed by a retraction of the polyp. 6.Aurelia was not observed to defecate but it likely does so; however, when it is turned inside-out the flagellar currents along its filaments can be made to reverse after prodding.
    Notes: Kurzfassung BeiStephanoscyphus, dem Polypen der Ordnung Coronatae, existiert neben der typischen die atypische, blumenähnliche FormS. racemosus, während alle Polypen der Ordnung Semaeostomeae gleichartig sind. Die verschiedenen Körperregionen der drei Polypenformen wurden auf ihr Verhalten nach der Reizung mit einem Glasstab und auf das Vorhandensein von Geißelströmen untersucht. Hinsichtlich des Verhaltens ist die wichtigste Beobachtung, daß bei dem Polypen der Semaeostomae die starke Reizung eines Tentakels die anderen Körperregionen nicht beeinflußt, während bei der typischen Form des Coronatenpolypen der gleiche Versuch die Retraktion des Polypen und die Verkürzung aller Tentakel zur Folge hat. Der Polyp der Coronatae besitzt daher eine kompliziertere neurologische Struktur. Bei dem Polypen der Semaeostomeae existieren an den Tentakeln kräftige Geißelströme, während bei den Coronatenpolypen solche fehlen. Bei letzteren wurde die Defäkation nach der Fütterung beobachtet; sie ist verbunden mit einer Hyperextension und einer seitlichen Verbreiterung des Kopfendes, dessen Rand nach außen umgeschlagen wird, ferner mit einer Umkehr der Richtung des Geißelschlages im Coelenteron und möglicherweise mit einer schnellen Kontraktion als Endphase. Die Defäkation wurde beim Polypen der Semaeostomeae nicht beobachtet, doch ist es möglich, bei ihm die Schlagumkehr der Geißeln im Coelenteron hervorzurufen.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 1992-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0003-021X
    Electronic ISSN: 1558-9331
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley
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  • 10
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