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Secondary xylem development in Arabidopsis: a model for wood formation (2002)

Chaffey, Nigel ; Cholewa, Ewa ; Regan, Sharon ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd

Physiologia plantarum 114 (2002), S. 0

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ISSN: 1399-3054

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology

Notes: Our understanding of the molecular controls regulating the identity of the vascular cambium and the development of secondary xylem and phloem have not yet benefited much from the use of Arabidopsis as a genetic system. Under appropriate growth conditions Arabidopsis undergoes extensive secondary growth in the hypocotyl, with the development of both a vascular and a cork cambium. The secondary xylem of the hypocotyl develops in two phases, an early phase in which only vessel elements mature and a later stage in which both vessel elements and fibres are found. During this second phase the secondary xylem of Arabidopsis closely resembles the anatomy of the wood of an angiosperm tree, and can be used to address basic questions about wood formation. The development of the vascular cambium and secondary growth in Arabidopsis hypocotyl is described and its utility as a model for wood formation in trees is considered.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1140413.x

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2

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Cambium: old challenges – new opportunities (1999)

Chaffey, Nigel

Springer

Trees 13 (1999), S. 138-151

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ISSN: 0931-1890

Keywords: Key words Cytoskeleton ; Immunocytochemistry ; Model systems ; Populus ; Secondary vascular system

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Trees represent a, probably the, major component of the biosphere and have a unique place in the history of Mankind. One of their most fascinating features is the process of secondary growth which is effected principally by the secondary vascular system, the developmental continuum of secondary phloem, vascular cambium, and secondary xylem. However, for too long assumptions about the developmental biology of trees have had to be based upon studies of primary growth systems within annual, herbaceous species because study of the secondary vascular system had been largely ignored. Even when attempts are made to understand some of the most fundamental features of the secondary vascular system, such as xylogenesis, the current model system, isolated Zinnia mesophyll cells, is not entirely appropriate to the situation in the intact tree. Some deficiencies of the Zinnia system are discussed, and the advantages of the genus Populus as a model for study of the hardwood secondary vascular system are considered. Some of the new approaches which are poised to lead to significant advances in our knowledge of the cell bio-logy of the secondary vascular system of trees – spe-cifically of the cell wall, the plasmalemma, and the cytoskeleton – are discussed. The value of one of these new techniques – immunocytochemistry – is demonstrated by a consideration of recent work on the role of the cytoskeleton in the hardwood secondary vascular system.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009745

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3

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Cortical microtubules rearrange during differentiation of vascular cambial derivatives, microfilaments do not (1997)

Chaffey, Nigel ; Barlow, Peter ; Barnett, John

Springer

Trees 11 (1997), S. 333-341

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ISSN: 0931-1890

Keywords: Key words Aesculus hippocastanum L. ; Cytoskeleton ; Immunofluorescence ; Determination ; Vascular cambium

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract The plant cytoskeleton has been implicated in a variety of morphogenetic events in higher plants. Most of this work, however, has concentrated on epidermal cells or primary tissues. We have investigated the cortical microtubular (CMT) and microfilament (MF) components of the cytoskeleton in a secondary tissue – active vascular cambium of Aesculus hippocastanum L. (horse-chestnut) – and followed the changes in these components during the early stages of differentiation of fusiform cambial derivatives to axial elements of the secondary vascular system. A correlative approach was used employing indirect immunofluorescence microscopy of α-tubulin on 6 μm sections, and transmission electron microscopy of 60 nm sections. The study has demonstrated a rearrangement of the CMT cytoskeleton, from random to helical, as fusiform vascular cambial cells begin to differentiate as secondary phloem vascular tissue. A similar CMT rearrangement is seen as fusiform cambial cells begin to differentiate as secondary xylem fibres. This rearrangement is interpreted as evidence of determination of cambial derivatives towards vascular development. Axially-oriented MF bundles are present in fusiform cambial cells and their axial orientation is retained in the vascular derivatives at early stages of their development even though the CMTs have become rearranged.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004680050093

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4

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A cytoskeletal basis for wood formation in angiosperm trees: the involvement of cortical microtubules (1999)

Chaffey, Nigel ; Barnett, John ; Barlow, Peter

Springer

Planta 208 (1999), S. 19-30

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ISSN: 1432-2048

Keywords: Key words:Aesculus (wood formation) ; Cytodifferentiation ; Microtubule ; Secondary vascular tissue ; Xylem

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract. Rearrangements of cortical microtubules (CMTs) during the differentiation of axial secondary xylem elements within taproots and shoots of Aesculus hippocastanum L. (horse-chestnut) are described. A correlative approach was employed using indirect immunofluorescence microscopy of α-tubulin in 6- to 10-μm sections and transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections. All cell types – fibres, vessel elements and axial parenchyma – derive from fusiform cambial cells which contain randomly oriented CMTs. At the early stages of development, fibres and axial parenchyma cells possess helically arranged CMTs, which increase in number as secondary wall thickening proceeds and simple pits develop. In contrast, incipient vessel elements are distinguished by the marking out of sites of bordered pits; these sites first appear as microtubule-free regions within the reticulum of randomly oriented CMTs that characterises their precursor fusiform cambial cells. Subsequently, the ring of CMTs which develops at the periphery of the microtubule-free region decreases in diameter as the over-arching pit border is formed. Like bordered pits, large-diameter, non-bordered pits (contact pits) which develop between vessel elements and adjacent contact ray cells originate as microtubule-free regions and are also associated with development of a ring of CMTs at the periphery. In the case of contact pits, however, there is no reduction in the diameter of the CMT ring during pit development. Tertiary cell wall thickenings are also a feature of vessel elements and appear to form at sites where bands of laterally associated, transversely oriented CMTs, separated from each other by microtubule-free zones, are found. Later, these bands of CMTs become narrower, and separate into pairs of microtubule bundles located on each side of the developing wall thickening. Development of perforations between vessel elements is also associated with the presence of a ring of CMTs at their periphery.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004250050530

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5

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A cytoskeletal basis for wood formation in angiosperm trees: the involvement of microfilaments (2000)

Chaffey, Nigel ; Barlow, Peter ; Barnett, John

Springer

Planta 210 (2000), S. 890-896

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ISSN: 1432-2048

Keywords: Key words:Aesculus (horse-chestnut) – Cytodifferentiation – Microfilaments – Secondary vascular tissue – Vascular cambium – Wood

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract. The cortical microfilament (MF) component of the cytoskeleton within axial elements of the secondary vascular system of the angiosperm tree, Aesculus hippocastanum L. (horse-chestnut) was studied using transmission electron microscopy of ultrathin sections and indirect immunofluorescence microscopy of actin in thick sections. As seen by electron microscopy, MF bundles have a net axial orientation within fusiform cambial cells and their secondary vascular derivatives (i.e. in the axial xylem and phloem parenchyma, xylem fibres, vessel and sieve elements, and companion cells). Immunofluorescence studies, however, reveal that this axial orientation can be more accurately described as a helix of extremely high pitch; it is a persistent feature of all axial secondary vascular elements during their development. Helical MF arrays are the only arrangement seen in secondary phloem cells. However, in addition to helices, other MF arrays are seen in secondary xylem cells. For example, fibres possess ellipses of MFs associated with simple-pit formation, and vessel elements possess circular arrays of MFs that associate with the developing inter-vessel bordered pits, ray–vessel contact pits, and with the perforation plate. Linear MF arrays are seen co-oriented with the developing tertiary wall-thickenings in vessel elements. The possible roles of MFs during the cytodifferentiation of secondary vascular cells is discussed, and compared with that of microtubules.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004250050694

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