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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 120 (1984), S. 91-104 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: To determine the limiting viscosity number [η] of nitrous oxidized cellulose in diluted solution, the iron tartrate complex method (FeTNa) was used. Existing methods of the [η]-values calculation using polynomials for various types of polymers and various solvent measuring systems and also the polynomial for pure cellulose have been shown to be inapplicable. Therefore, an empirical calculation formula in explicit form \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$[\eta ] = \frac{{\eta _{{\rm sp}} }}{{\rm c}} + {\rm c}^2 + {\rm A}_1 \eta _{{\rm sp}} {\rm c} - \eta _{{\rm sp}}^2 {\rm c} + {\rm A}_2 \eta _{{\rm sp}}^3 {\rm c} + {\rm A}_3$$\end{document} with A1 = -2.348, A2 = 3.485 and A3 = 0.006 (ηsp: specific viscosity, c: concentration g/100 ml) has been suggested enabling calculation of the [η]-value of oxidized cellulose from a measurement of a single concentration of the sample. For the calculation of the average polymerization degree according to the Staudinger-Mark-Houwink equation it was possible to apply the same constant in case of oxidized cellulose as available for unoxidized one.
    Notes: Für die Bestimmung der Grenzviskositatszahl [η] von nitroso-oxydierter Cellulose in verdünnter Losung wurde die EWNN Methode (alkalische Lösung eines Eisen-Weinsäure-Natrium-Komplexes) angewandt. Die bisher bekannten Berechnungsmethoden von [η] mit Hilfe der Polynome für verschiedene Arten von Polymeren, verschiedene Lösungsmittel und Meßsysteme sowie auch für reine Cellulose erwiesen sich als unbrauchbar. Es wurde eine empirische Berechnungsformel in expliziter Form \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$[\eta ] = \frac{{\eta _{{\rm sp}} }}{{\rm c}} + {\rm c}^2 + {\rm A}_1 \eta _{{\rm sp}} {\rm c} - \eta _{{\rm sp}}^2 {\rm c} + {\rm A}_2 \eta _{{\rm sp}}^3 {\rm c} + {\rm A}_3$$\end{document} mit A1 = -2,348, A2 = 3,584 und A3 = 0,006 (ηsp: spezifische Viskosität, c: Konzentration g/100 ml) vorgeschlagen, die die Berechnung von [η] bei Oxycellulose aus einer bei einer einzigen Konzentration der Probe durchgeführten Messung ermöglicht. Für die Berechnung eines Mittelwertes für den Polymerisationsgrad nach der Staudinger-Mark-Houwink-Gleichung war es möglich, die für nichtoxydierte Cellulose geltende Konstante zu verwenden.
    Additional Material: 7 Tab.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 128 (1984), S. 99-122 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: The consecutive oximation at 20, 23, 25, 28, 30, and 35°C enabled the qualitative and quantitative differentiation of six various aldehydic groups in oxycellulose. For the calculation of the content bn of the nth aldehydic group a modified calculation method was used according to an improved equation. The proposed procedure enabled the characterization of the chemical structure of six various aldehydic groups in the oxycellulose macromolecule. Straight line dependences were found between the logarithm of those aldehydic group contents, as well as of the aldehyde sum values and the logarithms of the polymerization degree (DP), enabling an indirect and fast classification of oxycellulose aldehydes according to the DP-value. A computer calculation program was worked out enabling the determination of aldehyde groups according to the indirect procedure using the DP-value.
    Notes: Die stufenweise Oximierung bei 20, 23, 25, 28, 30 und 35°C ermöglichte die qualitative und quantitative Trennung von sechs verschiedenen Aldehydgruppen in Oxycellulose. Für die Berechnung des Gehaltes bn der n-ten Aldehydgruppe bei einer bestimmten Oximierungstemperatur wurde eine modifizierte Berechnungsmethode nach einer verbesserten Gleichung angewandt. Das vorgeschlagene Verfahren ermöglichte die Charakterisierung der chemischen Strukturen von sechs verschiedenen Aldehydgruppen in Oxycellulosemakromolekülen. Es wurden lineare Abhängigkeiten zwischen den Gehalten an diesen Aldehydgruppen sowie den Aldehydsummenwerten und DP-Werten bei logarithmischer Darstellung gefunden, die eine indirekte und schnelle Aldehydbestimmung in Oxycellulosen über den DP-Wert ermöglichte. Für die indirekte Bestimmung der Aldehydgruppen über den DP-Wert wurde ein Computerprogramm ausgearbeitet.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 121 (1984), S. 119-125 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A method for determination of the carboxyl groups in oxidized cellulose has been proposed. The method consists in the fission of the carbon dioxide in an inert atmosphere at elevated temperature. The amount of the carbon dioxide has been measured in an azotometer.
    Notes: Es wurde eine Methode für die Bestimmung der Konzentration an Carboxylgruppen in Oxycellulose ausgearbeitet. Die Methode beruht auf der Abspaltung des Kohlendioxids in inerter Atmosphäre bei erhöhter Temperatur. Die Menge des Kohlendioxids wird in einem Azotometer bestimmt.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 140 (1986), S. 51-61 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: A method for the determination of hydroxy groups in oxidized cellulose has been proposed. The method consists in the fission of the hydrochloric acid by the reaction between hydroxy groups and 3,5-dinitrobenzoylchloride in an inert atmosphere at higher temperatures. The amount of hydrochloric acid has been measured in an azotometer.
    Notes: Es wurde eine Methode für die Bestimmung des Hydroxygruppengehalts in Oxycellulose ausgearbeitet. Die Methode beruht auf der Abspaltung von Chlorwasserstoff bei der Reaktion der Hydroxygruppen mit 3,5-Dinitrobenzoylchlorid in inerter Atmosphäre bei höheren Temperaturen. Die Menge des abgespaltenen gasförmigen Chlorwasserstoffs wird in einem Azotometer bestimmt.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2009-08-01
    Print ISSN: 0042-207X
    Electronic ISSN: 1879-2715
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 6
  • 7
    Publication Date: 2020-09-26
    Description: This paper considers the evolution of processes applied in agriculture for field operations developed from non-organized handmade activities into very specialized and organized production processes. A set of new approaches based on the application of metaheuristic optimization methods and smart automatization known as Agriculture 4.0 has enabled a rapid increase in in-field operations’ productivity and offered unprecedented economic benefits. The aim of this paper is to review modern approaches to agriculture machinery movement optimization with applications in sugarcane production. Approaches based on algorithms for the division of spatial configuration, route planning or path planning, as well as approaches using cost parameters, e.g., energy, fuel and time consumption, are presented. The combination of algorithmic and economic methodologies including evaluation of the savings and investments and their cost/benefit relation is discussed.
    Electronic ISSN: 2077-0472
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Print ISSN: 1567-1739
    Electronic ISSN: 1878-1675
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2021-03-12
    Description: Considering automatized and robotic milking systems substantially decreasing the contact between producers and the herd, milk analysis is crucial to maintain the quality and safety of all dairy products. These systems naturally also decrease the possibility of health problems and illness identification. Abnormalities in milk can be caused by several factors. Milk quality can be affected by external conditions, such as temperature and contamination in the feedstock; by management practices, such as hygiene, milking frequency, treatment, and feedstuff quality; and by diseases, genetics, or age. Somatic cell count, electric conductivity, and contents of urea, fat, protein, and lactose were reviewed as likely parameters of milk representing its quality with respect to feedback for consumers and breeders. Methods for evaluating milk constituents and parameters are still being developed to provide in-line information. These methods allow the avoidance of enormous economic losses every year caused by milk discard, health treatments, or cow replacements. In addition, individual and in-line milk analysis provides information in terms of nutritional status or lactation period and fertility. The objective of this study is to identify trends and potential methods focusing on in situ and in-line techniques for the analysis of milk parameters during the automatized and robotic milking process. Four methods are described and compared: near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIRS), optical analysis, milk conductivity analysis, and milk leukocyte differential test. The versatility and accessibility of these methods were also evaluated, showing a considerable range of possible related problems.
    Electronic ISSN: 2077-0472
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2021-04-16
    Description: The aim of this work is to design and optimize the process of functionalization of cellulose fibers by organosilane functional groups using low-pressure microwave plasma discharge with hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) precursor in order to prepare a compatible hydrophobic filler for composites with nonpolar thermoplastic matrices. Particular attention was paid to the study of agglomeration of cellulose fibers in the mixture with polypropylene. In our contribution, the dependence of the surface wettability on used process gas and treatment time was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses were applied to characterize the surface morphology and chemical composition of the cellulose fibers. It was observed that the plasma treatment in oxygen process gas led to the functionalization of cellulose fibers by organosilane functional groups without degradation. In addition, the treated cellulose was highly hydrophobic with water contact angle up to 143°. The use of treated cellulose allowed to obtain a homogeneous mixture with polypropylene powder due to the significantly lower tendency of the functionalized cellulose fibers to agglomerate.
    Electronic ISSN: 1996-1944
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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