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    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 13 (2000), S. 679-698 
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: ants ; Dufour gland ; foraging area ; marking ; Tetramorium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The related ants Tetramorium caespitum and T. impurum mark their foraging area in a species-specific, home range and short-lasting manner. Indeed, ants reaching a new area have a slow linear speed which increases during the marking. Conspecific ants are arrested and attracted by marked areas, while heterospecific ants are reluctant to visit them. However, when the latter do visit marked areas, they move more quickly and less sinuously than conspecific ants and do not stay on the areas. The marking is performed in about 3 min by T. caespitum and in 3 to 6 min by T. impurum. If not reinforced, the marking vanishes in the same time intervals. Neither poison gland nor last sternite extracts reproduce the activity of naturally marked areas, whereas a Dufour gland extract does exactly that. Foraging ants touch the ground with the tip of their gaster. Consequently, we can postulate that the workers mark their foraging area with the contents of this gland, which is associated with the sting apparatus, and that they deposit with the extremity of the gaster. Alien conspecific ants are seldom aggressive to one another, even on marked areas. When encountering each other on unmarked areas, heterospecific ants present some aggressive reactions. On marked areas, their aggressiveness is enhanced and intruder ants are restless, while resident ones walk freely. On ground marked by T. impurum, ants of this species are more aggressive than antagonistic T. caespitum workers. The marking of foraging areas thus induces defense against heterospecifics but not against conspecific ants.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: ant ; trail ; synergy ; reinforcement ; environmental factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper studies the production of and the response to the trail in the African urticating ant,Tetramorium aculeatum under a variety of laboratory conditions. The trail was found to contain a complex mix of substances. Two of these components are secreted by the poison gland: The most volatile one is an attractant and increases the ants' linear speed; the other is the trail pheromone, which may act for days on a dry substrate. A third component is present on the last abdominal sternite. It acts as an attractant and a locostimulant and is synergistic of the trail pheromone. The activity of these substances increases with the age of the workers. While following a trail, foragers, even unrewarded, reinforce it with both the poison gland contents and the synergistic compound. The ants follow trails better in darkness than in light. A wetted trail rapidly loses its activity. The article suggests an explanation for the functioning ofT. aculeatum's natural trails, including the role of its different components.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-234X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le système glandulaire téegumentaire do Claviger testaceus est constitué d'unités glandulaires isolées, rapprochées en plages glandulaires ou réunies en glandes multiples. Ces unites glandulaires appartiennent à deux types structuraux fondamentaux appelés type A et type B. Les unités glandulaires de type A sont constituées de 3 cellules se faisant suite et lour structure rappelle cello des unités glandulaires de nombreux autres insectes. On trouve des unités A isolées dispersées sous presque toute la surface de la cuticule. Lour densité, est généralement d'une dizaine ou d'une quinzaine d'unités/10−2 mm2. Elle atteint cependant 24 unités/10−2 mm2 au niveau du disque antennaire et 27 `a 66 unités/10−2 mm2 au niveau des trichomes. Certaines unités du disque antennaire possèdent un pore surrélevé en pore-cheminée. Des glandes multiples formées d'unités de type A se retrouvent dans la tête et dans l'abdomen. Elles sont toujours associées à des structures cuticulaires externes remarquables. Dans la tête, on trouve deux massifs pairs de glandes labrales qui débouchent à la surface réticulée du labre et dans une moindre mesure, dans un sillon du bord externe des mandibules. Des glandes mandibulaires débouchent dans les mêmes endroits quo les glandes labrales, mais surtout dans le sillon du bord externe des mandibules. Il est possible quo les échanges trophallactiques entre la fourmi et le coléoptère soient liés à l'existence de ces glandes céphaliques. La glande hypopharyngienne a vraisemblablement un rôle salivaire. Parmi les glandes abdominales, les glandes paires médiotergales déversent leurs sécrétions dans une dépression impaire de l'avant de l'abdomen, la cuvette tergale. Les trois glandes paires les plus latérales, appelées glandes dé Wasmann, déversent leurs sécrétions dans la zone des trichomes. L'une de ces glandes de Wasmann débouche dans un volumineux réservoir externe situé entre les trichomes abdominaux. D' anciennes observations éthologiques laissent suggérer que la sécrétion des glandes de Wasmann calmerait l'agressivité des fourmis. Les glandes médiotergales jouent probablement aussi un rôle dans les relations du myrmécophile avec ses hôtes. Les unités glandulaires dont sont constituées les glandes multiples de type A de la tête et de l'abdomen diffèrent par lour structure et les proportions de leurs cellules des unités A isolées sauf en ce qui concerne les glandes mandibulaires et hypopharyngienne. Les unités glandulaires de type B sont monocellulaires et des unités ayant une structure similaire n'ont été quo rarement décrites dans la littérature. Aux articulations on trouve des unites B isolées, mais dans les endroits importants ces unites se réunissent en glandes multiples des articulations. Le rôle de ces unités glandulaires est vraisemblablement lubrifiant. Sous les côtés du tergite VIII, recouverts au repos par les côtés du sternite VIII, il existe, chez la femelle, une plage glandulaire pygidiale formée d'unités B semblables à celles des articulations. Ces unités pourraient également avoir un rôle lubrifiant ou peut-être intervenir dans le comportement reproducteur de l'espèce. Ailleurs, les unités B isolées different en forme selon leur localisation. Ces unités sont les plus nombreuses sous les trichomes (de 57 à 114 unités/10−2 mm2) et sons le disque antennaire (57 unités/10−2 mm 2). Sous le reste de la surface de l'insecte, leur densité varie de 7 à 42 unités/10−2 mm2. Les densités les plus fortes se trouvent à proximité des endroits où débouchent des glandes multiples paraissant sécréter des allomones destinées aux fourmis: glandes labrales, glandes médiotergales et glandes de Wasmann. Dans l'ensemble, la densité des unités B isolées l'emporte sur celle des unites A isolées.
    Notes: Summary The integumentary glandular system of Claviger testaceus is made up of glandular units which are isolated from each other, are grouped in glandular patches or are joined together as multiple glands. These glandular units belong to two basic morphological types: A and B. Type A glandular units are made up of 3 cells in a row. Their structure resembles that of glandular units of many other insects. Isolated units of type A are found scattered under practically the whole surface of the cuticle. Their density varies from 10 to 15 units/10−2 mm2 in most parts of the insect's surface. However, this density may reach 24 units underneath the antennal disc, and 27 to 66 units/10−2 mm2 underneath the trichomes. Certain units of the antennal disc possess a chimney-shaped pore. Multiple glands made up of type A units exist in the head and in the abdomen. They are always associated with noticeable external cuticular structures. In the head, two paired groups of labral glands open at the reticulated surface of the labrum; some units of these glands open also in a groove on the outer edge of the mandibles. Mandibular glands end at the same locations, but most of their units reach the outer edge of the mandibles. It is suggested that these cephalic glands could play a role during trophallactic exchanges between ants and the beetle. The hypopharyngeal gland may have a salivary function. Among the abdominal glands, the paired mediotergal glands open into a large median tergal depression located at the anterior half of the abdomen. The three lateral paired glands (or Wasmann's glands) end near the trichomes, one of them in a sizeable external reservoir, surrounded by the abdominal trichomes. Previous observations of the behavior of ants towards Claviger could be interpreted by suggesting an appeasement function for Wasmann's glands. The mediotergal glands most probably also play a function in host-guest relations. The glandular units of the mandibular and hypopharyngeal glands look very similar to the isolated type A units. The units of the other glands differ in precise structure and proportions. Type B glandular units are one-celled and gland cells similar to them have only rarely been described in the literature. Some isolated type B units are found at the joints. At the most important joints, they are joined together as multiple glands. Their function is most likely to secrete a lubricant. Under the sides of the tergite VIII of the female, which, when stationary, are covered by the sides of sternite VIII, there exists a pygidial glandular patch of type B units of the same structure as those of the joints. These units may also have a lubricant function or play a role in the reproductive behavior of the species. Elsewhere the precise structure of the type B cells vary with their location. They are most numerous underneath the trichomes (57 to 114 units/10−2 mm2) and the antennal disc (57 units/10−2 mm2). Underneath the rest of the insect surface their density varies from 7 to 42 units/10−2 mm2. The highest densities are observed not far from the openings of multiple glands, which appear to secrete allomones acting during host-guest relations, e.g. the labral glands, the mediotergal glands and Wasmann's glands. In most parts of the insect's surface the type B cells outnumber the type A cells.
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