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1

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Liming practice in temperate forest ecosystems and the effects on CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes (1997)

Borken, W. ; Brumme, R.

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd

Soil use and management 13 (1997), S. 0

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ISSN: 1475-2743

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract. The effect of superficial liming of acidic forest soils on CO2 and N2O emissions and CH4 uptake was investigated with closed chambers in two deciduous and two spruce forests, by weekly to biweekly measurements over at least one year. The flux rates of untreated areas varied between 1.94 and 4.38 t CO2-C/ha per y, 0.28 and 2.15 kg/N2O-N/ha per y and between 0.15 and 1.06 kg CH4-C/ha per y. Liming had no clear effect on CO2 emissions which may change in the long-term with decreasing root turnover and increasing C-mineralization. Apart from one exception, liming resulted in a reduction of N2O emissions by 9 to 62% and in an increase of CH4 uptake by 26 to 580%. The variability in N2O emissions between the forest sites could not be explained. In contrast, the variability of annual CH4 uptake rates could be explained by N content (r2= 0.82), C content (r2= 0.77), bulk density (r2= 60), pore space (r2= 0.59) and pH (r2= 0.40) of mineral soil at a depth of 0 to 10 cm, and by the quantity of material in the organic layer (r2= 0.66). Experiments with undisturbed columns of the same soils showed that between 1 and 73% of the total N2O emissions came from the organic layer. However, atmospheric CH4 was not oxidized in this layer, which represents a diffusion barrier for atmospheric CH4. When this barrier was removed, CH4 uptake by the mineral soil increased by 25 to 171%. These results suggest that liming of acidic forest soils causes a reduction of the greenhouse gases N2O and CH4 in the atmosphere, due to changes in the chemical, biological, and physical condition of the soils.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1997.tb00596.x

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2

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Oxidation of atmospheric methane in Northern European soils, comparison with other ecosystems, and uncertainties in the global terrestrial sink (2000)

Smith, K. A. ; Dobbie, K. E. ; Ball, B. C. ; [et al.]

Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd

Global change biology 6 (2000), S. 0

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ISSN: 1365-2486

Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005

Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography

Notes: This paper reports the range and statistical distribution of oxidation rates of atmospheric CH4 in soils found in Northern Europe in an international study, and compares them with published data for various other ecosystems. It reassesses the size, and the uncertainty in, the global terrestrial CH4 sink, and examines the effect of land-use change and other factors on the oxidation rate.Only soils with a very high water table were sources of CH4; all others were sinks. Oxidation rates varied from 1 to nearly 200 μg CH4 m−2 h−1; annual rates for sites measured for ≥1 y were 0.1–9.1 kg CH4 ha−1 y−1, with a log-normal distribution (log-mean ≈ 1.6 kg CH4 ha−1 y−1). Conversion of natural soils to agriculture reduced oxidation rates by two-thirds –- closely similar to results reported for other regions. N inputs also decreased oxidation rates. Full recovery of rates after these disturbances takes 〉 100 y. Soil bulk density, water content and gas diffusivity had major impacts on oxidation rates. Trends were similar to those derived from other published work. Increasing acidity reduced oxidation, partially but not wholly explained by poor diffusion through litter layers which did not themselves contribute to the oxidation. The effect of temperature was small, attributed to substrate limitation and low atmospheric concentration.Analysis of all available data for CH4 oxidation rates in situ showed similar log-normal distributions to those obtained for our results, with generally little difference between different natural ecosystems, or between short-and longer-term studies. The overall global terrestrial sink was estimated at 29 Tg CH4 y−1, close to the current IPCC assessment, but with a much wider uncertainty range (7 to 〉 100 Tg CH4 y−1). Little or no information is available for many major ecosystems; these should receive high priority in future research.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00356.x

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3

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Effect of the inhibitors nitrapyrin and sodium chlorate on nitrification and N2O formation in an acid forest soil (1996)

Bauhus, J. ; Meyer, A. C. ; Brumme, R.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 318-325

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Autotrophs ; Liming ; Nitrapyrin ; N-serve ; Nitrification ; N2O ; Sodium chlorate ; Acid beech forest soil

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract An acid forest soil from beech forest gaps, which were either limed or unlimed, and the undisturbed forest was investigated for the type of nitrifying populations and the process of N2O evolution. To see whether nitrifiers were of heterotrophic or autotrophic origin, the nitrification inhibitors nitrapyrin and sodium chlorate were applied to disturbed soil samples which underwent laboratory incubations. Nitrapyrin inhibits autotrophic nitrification. In different studies, sodium chlorate has been identified as an inhibitor either of autotrophic or of heterotrophic nitrification. In the samples investigated only nitrapyrin inhibited the autotrophic nitrification occurring in the limed soil. Sodium chlorate effectively inhibited heterotrophic nitrification. In the limed forest floor samples, where most autotrophic nitrification occured, sodium chlorate showed no inhibitory effect. In another laboratory incubation experiment, N2O evolution from undisturbed soil columns, to which the above inhibitors were applied, was investigated. In those samples, in which nitrification had been reduced, neither inhibitor significantly reduced N2O evolution. Thus it was concluded that the contribution of nitrification to N2O losses is negligible, and that N2O evolution arises from the activity of denitrifying organisms. Microbial biomass and respiration measurements showed that the inhibitors did not affect microflora negatively.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334576

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4

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Alkylated ureas: mineralization and evaluation as N sources (1995)

Praveen-Kumar ; Brumme, R.

Springer

Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 41 (1995), S. 117-124

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ISSN: 1573-0867

Keywords: carbon dioxide ; microbial degradation ; nitrous oxide ; organic N sources ; wheat emergence

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract An incubation experiment was conducted for 11 weeks to study the mineralization of ten alkylated ureas and urea in soil. Six of the alkylated ureas viz. methylurea(MU), 1,3-dimethylurea(1,3DMU), 1,1-dimethylurea(1,1DMU), ethylurea(EU), 1,3-diethylurea(1,3DEU) and butylurea(BU) and urea mineralized during the experiment. Urea mineralized immediately, while alkylated ureas mineralized after an incubation period ranging from less than a week to four weeks (delay period of mineralization). The delay period increased in the following sequence MU 〈 1,3DMU 〈 EU 〈 BU 〈 1,1DMU 〈 1,3DEU, but after the delay period was over the compounds mineralized almost as rapidly as urea. The delay period varied according to the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group and their position with respect to each other on the molecule. It appeared to be specific for each compound and was apparently not influenced by the presence of urea or other alkylated ureas. This character can be used to develop mixture of various alkylated ureas to obtain N mineralization at the desired time. Rapid evolution of CO2 and N2O was observed during the mineralization of urea as well as alkylated ureas. Increase in soil pH was also observed during this period. The simultaneous ocurrence of these events suggested the formation of urea as an intermediate during the mieralization of alkylated ureas. None of the alkylated ureas showed adverse affect on emergence of wheat seedlings and except DEU and BU at high concentration no other alkylated urea showed any adverse effect on initial growth of wheat seedlings.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750753

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5

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Effect of the inhibitors nitrapyrin and sodium chlorate on nitrification and N2O formation in an acid forest soil (1996)

Bauhus, J. ; Meyer, A. C. ; Brumme, R.

Springer

Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 318-325

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ISSN: 1432-0789

Keywords: Key words Autotrophs ; Liming ; Nitrapyrin ; N-serve ; Nitrification ; N2O ; Sodium chlorate ; Acid beech forest soil

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract An acid forest soil from beech forest gaps, which were either limed or unlimed, and the undisturbed forest was investigated for the type of nitrifying populations and the process of N2O evolution. To see whether nitrifiers were of heterotrophic or autotrophic origin, the nitrification inhibitors nitrapyrin and sodium chlorate were applied to disturbed soil samples which underwent laboratory incubations. Nitrapyrin inhibits autotrophic nitrification. In different studies, sodium chlorate has been identified as an inhibitor either of autotrophic or of heterotrophic nitrification. In the samples investigated only nitrapyrin inhibited the autotrophic nitrification occurring in the limed soil. Sodium chlorate effectively inhibited heterotrophic nitrification. In the limed forest floor samples, where most autotrophic nitrification occured, sodium chlorate showed no inhibitory effect. In another laboratory incubation experiment, N2O evolution from undisturbed soil columns, to which the above inhibitors were applied, was investigated. In those samples, in which nitrification had been reduced, neither inhibitor significantly reduced N2O evolution. Thus it was concluded that the contribution of nitrification to N2O losses is negligible, and that N2O evolution arises from the activity of denitrifying organisms. Microbial biomass and respiration measurements showed that the inhibitors did not affect microflora negatively.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00334576

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6

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A Climate Change Scenario for Carbon Dioxide and Dissolved Organic Carbon Fluxes from a Temperate Forest Soil (1999)

Borken, W. ; Xu, Y.-J. ; Brumme, R. ; [et al.]

Springer

Soil Science Society of America journal 63 (1999), S. 1848-1855

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ISSN: 1435-0661

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: 2 emissions and dissolved organic C (DOC) leaching. We manipulated soil moisture, using a roof constructed below the canopy of a 65-yr-old Norway spruce plantation [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] at Solling, Germany. We simulated two scenarios: a prolonged summer drought of 172 d followed by a rewetting period of 19 d and a shorter summer drought of 108 d followed by a rewetting period of 33 d. Soil CO2 emission, DOC, soil matric potential, and soil temperature were monitored in situ for 2 yr. On an annual basis no significant influence of the droughts on DOC leaching rates below the rhizosphere was observed. Although not significantly, the droughts tended to reduce soil respiration. Rewetting increased CO2 emissions in the first 30 d by 48% (P 〈 0.08) in 1993 and 144% (P 〈 0.01) in 1994. The CO2 flush during rewetting was highest at high soil temperatures and strongly affected the annual soil respiration rate. The annual emission rate from the drought plot was not affected by the drought and rewetting treatments in 1993 (2981 kg C ha−1 yr−1), but increased by 51% (P 〈 0.05) to 4813 kg C ha−1 yr−1 in 1994. Our results suggest that reduction of rainfall or changes in rainfall distribution due to climate change will affect soil CO2 emissions and possibly C storage in temperate forest ecosystems.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/

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7

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Interception and uptake of NH4 and NO3 from wet deposition by above-ground parts of young beech (Fagus silvatica L.) trees (1992)

Brumme, R. ; Leimcke, U. ; Matzner, E.

Springer

Plant and soil 142 (1992), S. 273-279

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Fagus silvatica L. ; wet deposition ; N-uptake ; 15N

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Uptake of NH4 and NO3 by above ground parts of beech trees was studied by spraying young trees with varying concentrations of 15N labeled solutions, different N-forms, and spray regimes over four months. Following treatment, the trees were harvested and analyzed for 15N and major element content. Throughfall was collected and analyzed in addition in order to study the interaction between nitrogen uptake and cation leaching. Significant amounts of N were taken up by the above ground plant parts in all treatments as indicated by 15N analysis of the trees as well as by throughfall measurements. NH4 uptake exceeded the uptake of NO3 if applied in the same concentration. Uptake of N increased linearly with increasing concentration in the spray solution and with spray intensity. The uptaken N was translocated within the plant. The contribution of N from uptake by above ground parts to the total N content of tissues differed and reached a maximum level of 6% in leaves. No effect of above ground N uptake on the total N content of tissues was found. Calculating atmospheric N inputs to forest ecosystems by throughfall measurements may underestimate the actual N input.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010972

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8

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Mineralization of guanidine derivatives in soils (1999)

Kumar, Praveen- ; Brumme, R.

Springer

Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 53 (1999), S. 133-138

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ISSN: 1573-0867

Keywords: guanidine derivatives ; mineralization ; N sources ; wheat emergence

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Mineralization of eleven guanidine derivatives was studied in three soils of varying levels of microbial biomass C to evaluate their potential as fertilizer N sources. The guanidines mineralized slowly. Their mineralization generally started after a lag phase which increased with concentration. Mineralization of dimethylguanidine sulphate was the fastest (7–63 days) and tetramethyl guanidine slowest (〉98 days) in all soils and at concentrations equivalent to 100 and 500 μg N g-1 soil. The mineralization rates increased with concentration except for guanidine hydrochloride, guanidine thiocyanate, nitroguanidine, and tetramethyl guanidine. They mineralized faster in soils with higher microbial biomass C. The mineralization of guanidines may be classified into four groups: rapidly mineralized (dimethyl guanidine sulphate); mineralized after a lag phase (guanidine sulphate, guanidine carbonate, guanidine acetate, guanidine hydrochloride and guanidine thiocyanate); a fraction of applied N rapidly mineralized with the gradual mineralization of the remaining N (guanidine nitrate, aminoguanidine nitrate, aminoguanidine carbonate); and very slowly mineralized (nitroguanidine, tetramethyl guanidine). None of the guanidines inhibited germination of wheat and excepting guanidine hydrochloride which reduced growth or guanidine thiocyanate that killed seedling, other guanidines increased the dry matter production.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009735003250

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