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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The disruption of proleg clasping by sublethal doses of chlordimeform in silk moth larvae: A possible mechanism of crop protection (1986)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 42 (1986), S. 9-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; behaviour ; formamidines ; pyrethroids ; prolegs ; crop protection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des doses sublétales de chlordiméforme (CDM), insecticide formamidine, injectées dans des chenilles de Saturniidae, provoquent divers effets comportementaux. Ceux-ci comprennent l'arrêt de l'alimentation, l'augmentation du taux de locomotion, une hyperactivité générale de la tête et de ses appendices, et des mouvements désordonnés des pattes; Une conséquence de ce dernier effet est une réduction de l'étreinte réelle du substrat par les chenilles. Il a été étudié en détail sur les chenilles de cinquième stade de Philosamia cynthia ricini. Pour toute une gamme de doses, les effets les plus nets ont été observés sur les fausses pattes. Ils on été évalués par une série d'observations continues de chenilles placées sur une baquette de bois, permettant d'observer clairement le comportement d'étreinte. Les effet étaient réversibles. Des comparaisons ont été réalisées en utilisant la cyperméthrine, insecticide pyréthroïde. Les chenilles traitées ont présenté un certain nombre de comportements d'irritation, mais aucune réponse spécifique d'étreinte n'a été notée. La discussion de ces résultats examine les possibilités d'action de CDM dans la nature. Compte tenu de l'importance jouée par les fausses pattes dans le maintien sur la plante, on peut envisager que la suppression de l'étreinte peut entraîner une protection efficace des cultures.
    Notes: Abstract General observations of the behavioural effects of sublethal doses of the fomamidine pesticide chlordimeform (CDM) on saturniid larvae led to a detailed investigation of the disruption of proleg clasping caused by CDM in Philosamia cynthia ricini Hutt. (Castor Silk Moth) larvae. Subjects received doses ranging from 5.09×10−3 to 19.3 μg/g body weight. Doses above 0.15 μg/g caused uncoordinated movements of the legs which led to reductions in the effective grip on the substrate. Greatest interference was recorded in the prolegs. The effects were reversible. Significance of these results is discussed in relation to their possible role in crop protection mechanisms. In investigating the degree of specificity of the observed effects as a mode of insecticidal action, larvae were treated with a pyrethroid compound, cypermethrin. Doses ranging from 0.002 to 0.842 μg/g resulted in reduction in the times the larvae spent firmly attached to the substrate. It is concluded that this is a consequence of an overall excitation caused by the insecticide, displayed as a number of described irritant behaviours, rather than any specific disruption of proleg action.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00186152
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Survival and development of Pieris brassicae larvae upon application of sublethal doses of chlordimeform (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 149-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Formamidines ; chlordimeform ; Lepidoptera ; behaviour ; starvation ; survival ; development ; sublethal control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les chenilles de troisième et cinquième stades de P. brassicae L. ont reçu une application superficielle de chlordiméforme, insecticide à la formamidine. Les doses inférieures à 335 μg/g ont été sublétales, provoquant plusieurs formes d'excitation. Bien que leur comportement soit redevenu normal en 24 heures, les troisièmes stades traités ont eu leur développement retardé et une mortalité accrue. Le traitement des chenilles plus âgées a eu moins d'effets. Une relation est suggérée entre ces observations et le régime alimentaire de cet insecte; une réduction de l'alimentation, plus importante chez les chenilles de troisième que de cinquième stade de P. brassicae, accompagne le début des altérations du comportement provoquées par le chlordiméforme. La discussion porte sur le mécanisme de contrôle sublétal du chlordiméforme, impliquant des effects immédiats et retardés.
    Notes: Abstract Larvae of the large cabbage white butterfly, Pieris brassicae L. are important pests of cruciferous crops. Third and fifth instars were treated topically with sublethal doses of the formamidine pesticide chlordimeform. A number of excitable actions were induced but they did not persist beyond 24 hours. Following the initial period, however, subsequent development was delayed and mortality increased, particularly when third instars were treated. Dosing fifth-instar larvae caused few further deaths. A link is suggested between these results and the nutritional status of the insects, and they are discussed in terms of how they might contribute towards control.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185627
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The disruption of aggregation behaviour in Pieris brassicae larvae by chlordimeform (1988)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 48 (1988), S. 141-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; aggregation behaviour ; feeding ; chlordimeform ; crop protection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Un des effets sublétaux du chlordiméforme, insecticide formamidine, est une réduction de la prise de nourriture, par suite de l'altération du comportement. Celle-ci implique une action stimulant l'activité locomotrice du quatrième stade de P. brassicae L., moins sensible aux effets sur l'alimentation. Le but de ce travail est d'examiner comment le chlordiméforme agit sur le comportement des chenilles du second stade. Des chenilles sur des feuilles trempées dans le chlordiméforme (10-6 à 10-2) sont vite excitées, leur déplacements s'accélèrent et les groupements formés sont tous instables, l'alimentation y étant généralement éphémère. L'excitation se réduit au bout de 24 heures, le groupements se reforment, et l'alimentation reprend, bien que pour les concentrations ≥10-4 M, les chenilles aient été encore dispersées entre 24 et 30 heures, au moment où elles commençaient à s'alimenter sur les résidus de chlordiméforme. La perturbation de la concentration des chenilles sur des disques témoins a montré une relation directe entre la taille du groupe et le taux de croissance larvaire. Nous en avons conclu que chez les espèces de lépidoptères qui consomment groupées, une interaction avec l'agrégation larvaire contribue significativement à l'effet du chlordiméforme sur l'alimentation. La discussion porte sur les conséquences pour la croissance et la survie larvaire, particulièrement en ce qui concerne l'installation des chenilles néonates.
    Notes: Abstract The behavioural basis for the reduction in feeding caused by the formamidine pesticide chlordimeform was investigated in second-instar larvae of the large cabbage white butterfly, Pieris brassicae L. Normally, these caterpillars feed communally. On chlordimeform-dipped leaves (10-6 M–10-2 M) they rapidly became excited, locomotion increased and only unstable aggregations formed in which any feeding was usually transient. Over 24 h excitation declined, aggregations re-formed and feeding was resumed. However, between 24 and 30 h, on leaves treated with chlordimeform solutions of 10-4 M or greater, larvae dispersed again. By altering the density of larvae on control discs a direct link was revealed between clump size and larval growth rates. It is concluded that, in species which feed gregariously, interference with larval aggregation contributes significantly to chlordimeform's effects on feeding and its involvement in a sublethal control mechanism in the field is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00185626
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology of the antennae of two species of biting midge: Culicoides impunctatus (goetghebuer) and Culicoides nubeculosus (Meigen) (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) (1992)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Morphology 213 (1992), S. 85-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-2525
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Scanning and transmission electron microscopy of the antennae of Culicoides impunctatus and Culicoides nubeculosus show that males and females share five sensillum types. Sensilla chaetica resemble mechanoreceptors, each innervated by a single neurone whose dendrite terminates distally in a tubular body: the arrangement of sensilla on male antennae suggests that females are located by sound. The antennae have both sharp- and blunt-tipped sensilla trichodea, sharp-tipped sensilla on only the distal third and blunttipped sensilla on all subsegments. These sensilla are typical of olfactory receptors, having multiporous walls and being innervated by a number of neurones with bifurcating dendrites ascending the hair shafts. Sensilla basiconica occur on the distal five subsegments of the female antenna and the distal three subsegments of the male antenna. Sensilla coeloconica always occur on subsegment one and sometimes on a number of other subsegments, depending on sex and species. Both basiconic and coeloconic sensilla have double walls and unbranched dendrites and may be either olfactory or thermo- and/or hygroreceptors. All antennae except those of male C. impunctatus antennae have sensilla ampullacea, apparently deep-seated olfactory or thermoreceptors. Small peg sensilla fitting the description of contact chemoreceptors occur only at the tip of the male antenna. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1052130107
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