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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Upper-crustal strength inferred from stress measurements to 6 km depth in the KTB borehole (1993)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 365 (1993), S. 633-635 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The KTB (Kontinentales Tiefbohrprogramm der Bundesrepu-blik Deutschland) drillsite is located in an area of occasional minor seismicity where highly deformed Palaeozoic meta-morphic rocks have been intruded by Variscan (late Palaeozoic) granites. In the first phase of the drilling project ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/365633a0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stress constraints and hydrofracturing stress data for the continental crust (1986)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 124 (1986), S. 875-895 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Stress constraints ; hydrofracturing ; faulting ; seismicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Faulting and seismicity in the upper continental crust require considerable differential stresses. Application of experimentally developed friction, fracture and flow laws shows that high differential stresses can only exist in the uppermost crust. Direct hydraulic fracturing measurements in deep boreholes seem to support this rock mechanics conclusion. The experimental data base presently consists of approximately 500 hydrofrac tests conducted in about 100 boreholes at about 30 different geographical locations. To illustrate the variation of measured stresses with depth, the data are expressed as dimensionless horizontal stresses in the formS H,h/Sv=(α/z)+β, whereS v=ρgz Extrapolation of the experimental data to greater depth shows that the minor horizontal stress approaches the valueS h/Sv=0.5 which limits friction on wet faults, and that the major horizontal stress approaches a value close toS H/Sv=1 at rather shallow depth (5 to 10 km.). This limits faulting and seismicity in most of the upper crust to either strike-slip or normal faults. The lower boundary for seismicity is mainly dependent on tectonic strain accumulation and rock creep at the environmental conditions at depth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879616
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of temperature on the life table of Hyperaspis notata (1997)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 84 (1997), S. 85-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Coccinellids ; Hyperaspis notata ; life table statistics ; insect development ; intrinsic rates of increase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The coccinellid Hyperaspis notata Mulsant was introduced into Africa for the biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. Two cohorts of strains, one originating from Southern Brazil and Paraguay feeding on P. manihoti, and one from Colombia feeding on Phenacoccus herreni Cox & Williams were studied at different temperatures between 15 and 34 °C and age-specific life tables were constructed. Although in the areas of origin the climatical conditions and the food sources are different, the survivorship and developmental times at the same temperature differed little among the two strains, the Colombian strain being slightly more tolerant to high temperatures. Jacknife estimates of the intrinsic rates of increase (rm) peaked very close to 30 °C for the two strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003026314120
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Elements for modelling the dynamics of tritrophic population interactions (1988)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 5 (1988), S. 243-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Models of acarine systems are reviewed with particular reference to objectives for modelling, to the methods used for model building, and to the results obtained. The following elements are considered important in models of complex systems: common food acquisition/allocation functions in multitrophic models; migration and within-systems movement; and behavioral components in functional responses. The first element is illustrated with an apple tree/mite and a cassava/mite model. In mite management, the available systems models appear more useful for strategic purposes, i.e. for selecting biological control agents and for planning pest control measures, than for tactical decision making in supervised pest management programs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02366097
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and development of immature life stages ofPropylaea 14-punctata L. andCoccinella 7-punctata L. [Col.: Coccinellidae] simulated by the metabolic pool model (1987)
    Springer
    BioControl 32 (1987), S. 415-423 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: Propylaea 14-punctata ; Coccinella 7-punctata ; simulation model ; growth ; development ; metabolic pool ; Propylea 14-punctata ; Coccinella 7-punctata ; Simulationsmodell ; Wachstum ; Entwicklung ; “metabolic pool”
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aus der Beziehung Produktion (Wachstum) zu Assimilation (Beuteverzehr-Kotproduktion) wird das Umwandlungsverhältnis berechnet, mit dem Blattlausgewebe in Räuberwachstum umgesetzt wird. Als Beute für die Larven vonPropylaea 14-punctata L. undCoccinella 7-punctata L. verwendete man die ErbsenblattlausAcyrthosiphon pisum Harris. Die physiologische Zeit ist in Tagegraden oberhalb eines unteren Entwicklungsnullpunktes angegeben. Für die beiden Coccinellidenarten wurden auf physiologischen Grundlagen Simulationsmodelle erarbeitet. Sie beschreiben das Wachstums und die Entwicklung eines Räubers und beruhen auf dem Konzept des vonGutierrez et al. (1981) vorgeschlagenen “metabolic-pool”-Modell. Die visuelle Beurteilung von beobachteten und berechneten Werten zeigt, dass das Modell das Wachstumsmuster der erwähnten Räuber auf befriedigende Weise beschreibt.
    Notes: Abstract The conversion of aphid prey tissue (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris) into predator biomass (immature life stages ofPropylaea 14-punctata L. andCoccinella 7-punctata L.) is calculated by plotting weight gain against assimilation (i.e. consumption minus egestion). This concept is added to the metabolic pool model byGutierrez et al. (1981) that enables the simulation of growth and development of a predator on a physiological basis. Physiological time is expressed in daydegrees above lower development thresholds for both species. Visual examination of observed and calculated values showed that the model satisfactorily describes the growth patterns of the above predators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02372451
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Etudes comparatives de l'influence de la température et de la nourriture sur le développement deAmblyseius andersoni, Neoseiulus fallacis, Galendromus longipilus etTyphlodromus pyri [Acari: Phytoseiidae] (1991)
    Springer
    BioControl 36 (1991), S. 139-154 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8248
    Keywords: tables de survie ; Amblyseius andersoni ; Neoseiulus fallacis ; Galendromus longipilus ; Typhlodromus pyri ; life tables ; Amblyseius andersoni ; Neoseiulus fallacis ; Galendromus longipilus ; Typhlodromus pyri
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The developmental biology ofAmblyseius andersoni, Neoseiulus fallacis, Galendromus longipilus andTyphlodromus pyri was studied in the laboratory to compute developmental thresholds and intrinsic rates of increase at 20°C in presence of the preyTetranychus urticae. The age specific fecundity was also studied for the 4 species fed eitherT. urticae orPanonychus ulmi. The latter species proved to be a better food source forA. andersoni andT. pyri, while the opposite was true for the other 2 predator species.P. ulmi was clearly a suboptimal prey species forG. longipilus. The females of all 4 predatory species were able to adjust daily fecundity rates and period of oviposition to the amount of prey available. In terms of fecundity, this almost permitted them to achieve their whole potential, even under conditions of limited food.
    Notes: Résumé L'étude en laboratoire de la biologie du développement deAmblyseius andersoni, Neoseiulus fallacis, Galendromus longipilus etTyphlodromus pyri a permis de calculer les seuils de développement et le taux intrinsèque d'accroissement naturel à 20°C lorsque ces espèces sont nourries avecTetranychus urticae. Le taux de fécondité spécifique à l'âge des 4 espèces a été déterminé en utilisant comme proie soitT. urticae, soitPanonychus ulmi. PourA. andersoni et pourT. pyri, P. ulmi constitue une nourriture meilleure queT. urticae, contrairement àN. fallacis etG. longipilus, dont le taux d'accroissement est supérieur quand ils se nourrissent deT. urticae. PourG. longipilus, P. ulmi constitue même une nourriture nettement suboptimale. Pour les femelles de toutes les espèces on a pu mettre en évidence la faculté d'adapter le taux de fécondité et la durée d'oviposition au nombre des proies disponibles. En termes de fécondité, cela permet à ces espèces de réaliser presque tout leur potentiel, indépendamment de la ration quotidienne de nourriture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02374645
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental factors affecting the life-tables ofTetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) III. Host-plant nutrition (1991)
    Springer
    Experimental and applied acarology 12 (1991), S. 259-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9702
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract First, the literature of the last two decades on nutritional effects of host plants on spider mites is briefly reviewed. Second, experiments are described that subjected micro-propagated apple trees to four different levels of each macronutrient N, P and K. Spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch) feeding on leaf disks of these plants were checked for their developmental time, egg production and longevity. Plant analysis revealed that the concentration of N, P and K corresponded to the respective treatments. The content of phenolic compounds in the leaves increased with N and P deficiency. In the N experiment, spider-mite preimaginal developmental rate and oviposition rate were both positively correlated with leaf N. Often, fecundity was positively correlated with N and carbohydrate content of the leaves, and negatively with the phenolic content. Longevity of the two-spotted spider mite was not significantly affected by any treatment. The K experiments yielded only minor differences in plant contents as well as in spider-mite biology. From these mite data, file-tables were constructed and statistically analyzed by the Jackknife technique. The life-table analysis showed a gradual decline in the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r m) with N and P deficiency. With all experiments pooled,r m was clearly correlated to leaf N and particularly to the content of phenolic compounds in the leaves. Nitrogen shortage had the most distinct influence on mite population growth: in a range of 1.5–3.0% leaf N,r m increased by a factor of 4, the number of multiplications per generation (R 0) by 11, and the doubling time of the population was prolonged 4-fold on severely N deficient leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01193472
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of biological and demographic parameters forMononychellus progresivus andOligonychus gossypii on cassava: influence of temperature (1995)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 75 (1995), S. 119-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Acaru ; Tetranychidae ; Mononychellus progresivus ; Oligonychus gossypii ; biological ; demographic parameters ; cassava
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of five constant temperatures (16, 22, 26, 31 and 36°C) on biological (survival and duration of developmental stages, fecundity and longevity of females, sex-ratio) and demographic parameters (R o , G, r m and λ) of the two main phytophagous mites that attack cassava in Africa,Mononychellus progresivus Doreste andOligonychus gossypii (Zacher), was studied in the laboratory. Experiments were performed simultaneously on the two mite species reared on the same cassava variety (1M20) under controlled conditions: 70±10% r.h. and 12L∶12D. The lower thermal threshold was 13°C forM. progresivus and 11°C forO. gossypii. Both species developed in the range from 22 to 36°C. The shortest development time was obtained at 31°C for both species; it was 7.2 days forM. progresivus and 8.2 days forO. gossypii. Maximum fecundity of both species was recorded at 26°C with 42.1 eggs forM. progresivus and 36.3 eggs forO. gossypii The highest intrinsic rate of increase (r m ) was obtained at 31°C for both species with 0.289 and 0.214 forM. progresivus andO. gossypii, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382170
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energy flow in an apple plant-aphid (Aphis pomi De Geer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) ecosystem, with respect to nitrogen fertilization (1990)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 124 (1990), S. 273-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aphid population ; aphids ; apple ; nitrogen fertilization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of nitrogen fertilization on the life table parameters of green apple aphids, feeding on apple saplings of different nutritional quality, was investigated. The experiments were carried out with cloned apple plants (cv. Golden Delicious), all originating from one seed, growing in a climate chamber under constant conditions. The apple saplings were irrigated with nutrient solutions containing different nitrogen levels (0.2, 0.5, 1, and 3 N), and infested with Aphis pomi De Geer. The 1 N treatment corresponded to a 15 mM nitrogen concentration, containing NO3 - and NH4 + in a 14:1 ratio. The levels of nitrogen fertilization studied here influenced the life table parameters of A. pomi in the following way: the mean generation time of A. pomi, growing on the 0.5 N treatment, was lower than the corresponding values found on the 0.2 and 1 N treatments. The highest net reproduction rate was produced on low (0.2 N) nitrogen nutrition. The intrinsic rate of natural increase was highest on the 0.5 N treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009272
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  • 10
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    A Global Electric Circuit Model within a Community Climate Model (2015)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-23
    Description: To determine the complex dependencies of currents and electric fields within the Global Electric Circuit (GEC) on the underlying physics of the atmosphere, a new modeling framework of the GEC has been developed for use within global circulation models. Specifically, the Community Earth System Modeling (CESM) framework has been utilized. A formulation of atmospheric conductivity based on ion production and loss mechanisms (including galactic cosmic rays, radon, clouds and aerosols), conduction current sources, and ionospheric potential changes due to the influence of external current systems are included. This paper presents a full description of the calculation of the electric fields and currents within the model, which now includes several advancements to GEC modeling as it incorporates many processes calculated individually in previous articles into a consistent modeling framework. This framework uniquely incorporates effects from the troposphere up to the ionosphere within a single GEC model. The incorporation of a magnetospheric potential, which is generated by a separate magnetospheric current system, acts to modulate or enhance the surface level electric fields at high latitude locations. This produces a distinct phasing signature with the GEC potential that is shown to depend on the observation location around the globe. Lastly, the model output for Vostok and Concordia, two high latitude locations, is shown to agree with the observational data obtained at these sites over the same time period.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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