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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Entomology 43 (1998), S. 347-367 
    ISSN: 0066-4170
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The host plants of arthropod pests may affect parasitoids and predators directly or indirectly, through multitrophic interactions. Direct plant effects may involve simple mechanisms such as reduced parasitoid searching efficiency caused by trichomes. Multitrophic effects often involve complex interactions that are not well understood, and their impact on natural enemies and biological control are difficult to predict. Knowledge of the direct and multitrophic effects creates opportunities to increase the effectiveness of natural enemies by incorporating natural enemy-enhancing traits into crop plants. The strategy may have potential for both generalist and specialist natural enemies, but the enemies' behavior and other factors will affect the results. Although combining natural enemies and plant resistance may slow the adaptation of some insect pests, it may speed up adaptations of others. A better understanding of plant/pest/natural enemy evolution is necessary to predict how to combine natural enemies and plant resistance for the best long-term results.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Tobacco hornworm ; Manduca sexta ; parasitoids ; Cotesia congregata ; allelochemicals ; nicotine ; nutritional indices ; tri-trophic interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Bien que les influences des substances allélochimiques des plantes et du parasitisme aient été étudiées séparément, leurs effets combinés sur l'utilisation des aliments après ingestion par un herbivore n'avaient pas été examinés. Il est probable que les substances allélochimiques peuvent agir sur l'adéquation des herbivores pour leurs parasitoïdes, ou que la présence de parasitoïdes peut influer sur l'action des substances allélochimiques sur les indices nutritionnels des herbivores. Manduca sexta L. et son parasitoïde, Cotesia congregata Say fournissent un bon modèle pour étudier les interactions entre parasitisme et substances allélochimiques sur la croissance, la consommation et l'utilisation de la nourriture ingérée chez les larves de M. sexta. Les taux de croissance, la consommation et l'efficacité de la conversion des chenilles de 33 et 43 stades ne sont pas influencés significativement par les intéractions entre nicotine alimentaire et parasitisme. Cependant, le parasitisme réduit le taux de croissance des chenilles du 5e stade, ce qui se traduit par une réduction de leur consommation. La digestibilité des aliments ingérés a été augmentée chez les chenilles parasitées, mais non lorsque l'aliment consommé contenait de la nicotine. L'examen des valeurs de ECD et de ECI montre que l'ingestion de nicotine alimentaire réduit l'efficacité de la conversion des aliments digérés et ingérés par des chenilles non-parasitées, mais ces indices étaient supérieurs à ceux des chenilles parasitées. Ces résultats suggèrent que lorsque les chenilles sont parasitées après la mue du 33 stade, C. congregata n'influence pas l'alimentation de son hôte jusqu'à ce qu'il atteigne le dernier stade. La nicotine, dans les tissus de l'hôte, dépasse les effets du parasitisme. Il est probable qu'aucun des changements observés ne provient d'un effet direct sur les processus d'assimilation et de conversion mais plutôt de l'exposition des parasitoïdes à la nicotine dans l'hémolymphe de la chenille.
    Notes: Abstract The interactive effects of dietary nicotine (0.1%) and parasitism by Cotesia congregata (Say) (Braconidae) on post-ingestive utilization of food by the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.) (Sphingidae) were studied in the laboratory. The rates of growth and consumption and the food utilization indices of third and fourth instar hornworms were not significantly influenced by the interactive effect of dietary nicotine and parasitism. However, parasitism reduced the growth rate of fifth instar hornworms, resulting from a reduction in their consumption rate. Efficiency of digestion of ingested food was enhanced in parasitized larvae, but not when they ingested diets containing nicotine. Ingestion of dietary nicotine reduced the efficiency of conversion of digested and ingested food of unparasitized hornworms as reflected in ECD and ECI values, but these indices were larger than in parasitized hosts. Results suggest that when hornworm larvae are parasitized after ecdysis to the third instar, C. congregata does not influence feeding by its larval host until the host reaches its terminal instar. Nicotine, within host tissues, ‘over-rides’ any effect caused by parasitism. It is probable that any change observed may not result from a direct effect on the assimilation and conversion processes of the hornworm larva but due to parasitoids' exposure to nicotine in the hornworm's hemolymph.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Bemisia argentifolii ; Encarsia formosa ; poinsettia ; parasitoids ; nitrogen ; tri-trophic level interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract More wasps of Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) were found on fertilized poinsettias, Euphorbia pulcherrima (Willd.) (Euphorbiaceae), than on non-fertilized plants. Parasitization of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) by E. formosa was higher on plants treated with calcium nitrate than with ammonium nitrate or on control plants. In a no-choice test, host feeding by E. formosa was higher when hosts were on fertilized plants than when hosts were on control plants. The nitrogen content of whitefly pupae reared on plants treated with ammonium nitrate was higher than those on calcium nitrate-treated plants. Variability in the parasitization of B. argentifolii by E. formosa appears to be due to host plant-mediated differences in the whiteflies. E. formosa may be influenced by the nutritional suitability of the host, which influences whether wasps continue to oviposit, feed, or disperse.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 35 (1984), S. 141-145 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: oviposition behavior ; parasitoid ; defense ; sheath ; pupae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le comportement défensif des chrysalides de Lymantria dispar L. consiste en cambrage et en tournoiement. Les chrysalides encoconées étaient plus sensibles aux stimuli tactiles que celles qui ont été extraites des cocons. Brachymeria intermedia Nees avait moint de succès dans l'insertion complète de la tarière dans des chrysalides encoconées qu'extraites, car elles devenaient empêtrées dans le cocon quand la chrysalide se défendait. Il y avait différentes réponses du parasitoïde à l'empêtrement. Elles comprenaient l'abandon de l'attaque par un départ, la remise en selle sur l'hôte, la morsure à travers les fils du cocon, l'attaque d'un hôte voisin, le repos ou la toilette. Les taux d'insertion de la tarière pouvaient être augmentés par l'élimination artificielle de quelques fils. La durée des opérations était plus courte sur les chrysalides plus petites. La discussion a porté sur l'importance de ces comportements sur les relations de ces parasitoïdes avec leurs hôtes.
    Notes: Abstract Some behavioral and physical defenses of Lymantria dispar (L.) pupae are described. It was found that the layer of webbing surrounding pupae significantly reduced oviposition rates in the pupal parasitoid Brachymeria intermedia (Nees) (Hymenoptera, Chalcididae). The reasons for this reduction and consequent parasitoid responses were investigated. The role of these behaviors in this host parasitoid relationship are discussed.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 13 (1970), S. 293-299 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei Larven von Aedes aegypti, die Methylenblau oder Neutralrot ausgesetzt wurden, ließ sich eine deutliche Verzögerung des Wachstums nachweisen. Der Verpuppungsbeginn (Larven-Puppen-Häutung) wurde von beiden Farben in Abhängigkeit von der ansteigenden Konzentration verzögert. Obwohl zur Erzeugung der Reaktion mit Neutralrot höhere Konzentrationen erforderlich waren, war die Genauigkeit der Farbwirkung größer. Die geprüften Konzentrationen von Methylenblau reichten von 0,5 bis 4,5 ppm; die für Neutralrot von 3 bis 9 ppm. In der Absicht, die Wirkungen der beiden Farben zu messen, wurden andere Parameter quantitativ geprüft. Diese umfaßten die Mortalität, den Weibchen-Prozentsatz und die durchschnittlichen Puppengewichte der Männchen. Die Sterberaten waren hoch und äußerst variabel. Es ließen sich auch keine Unterschiede im Geschlechterverhältnis der Populationen finden, die als Larven in Methylenblau oder Neutralrot aufgezogen worden waren. Neutralrot und Methylenblau schienen auch die durchschnittlichen Puppengewichte der Männchen nicht zu beeinflussen, jedoch erzeugten sie deutliche Wirkungen bei den durchschnittlichen Puppengewichten der Weibchen. Es konnten keine signifikanten Unterschiede in den Nahrungsmengen festgestellt werden, die von gefärbten oder ungefärbten Larven oder von Larven in ansteigenden Farbkonzentrationen aufgenommen wurden. Die jüngeren Larvenstadien wurden stärker beeinflußt und längerer Aufenthalt in der Farbe ergab stärkere Verzögerung der Wachstumsrate. Folgende Aspekte der “Vital”-Farbstoffe werden diskutiert: 1. ihre toxischen Wirkungen, 2. Beziehungen zwischen Genauigkeit und Aussagewert der experimentellen Ergebnisse, und 3. die Notwendigkeit vollständigerer Kenntnis der Farbstoffe vor ihrer Anwendung auf lebende Systeme.
    Notes: Abstract Exposure to methylene blue and neutral red affected length of development, rate of pupation, and larval mortality in populations of Aedes aegypti (L.). Female pupal weights generally were adversely affected, while male pupal weights were not. Retardation of growth was not caused by rejection of dyed food under the conditions of our experiments. Methylene blue, neutral red, and nile blue A were most severe in their action on longer exposures and exposures to earlier instars. The importance of recognizing the physiological and behavioral changes in organisms caused by perfunctory use of dyes is discussed.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The development and survival of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) larvae is strongly influenced by the host plant upon which they feed. The most rapid development and largest pupae were produced from grey birch fed larvae. Beech and maple-fed larvae produced the smallest pupae while maple-fed larvae exhibited prolonged development. White and red oak-fed larvae exhibited development and pupal weights intermediate between the above two groups. The approximate digestibility (AD) and efficiencies of conversion of food (ECD and ECI) were generally highest among grey birchfed individuals. The utilization of the relatively closely related oak species, as reflected in AD and ECD values, differed. Leaves were examined for 14 elements. The content of each element varied among host plant species and over time. For example, nitrogen levels were highest in grey-birch and dropped over time in all host plants.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 36 (1978), S. 203-209 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary First instars from small and large gypsy moth eggs differ significantly in their head capsule width, weight, hatching time and the length of thoracic setae. Pupal weight and the developmental period of immature stages of the gypsy moth originating from small or large eggs do not differ significantly. The mean number of eggs per mass produced by females originating from small eggs is greater than that of females from large eggs although not statistically significant. Highly significant differences in mean egg size of egg masses of each type of female were also observed. The relationship between egg size and dispersal strategies are discussed.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 29 (1977), S. 311-327 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The investigations of the bionomics and parasitoid-host interactions of some gypsy moth parasitoids provide an opportunity to consider the role of r and K strategies in the life history of some tachinid and hymenopterous parasitoid species. Available historic data as well as results of recent studies are utilized in an attempt to evaluate the degree to which the data conform to this paradigm. Few studies have provided the information required to evaluate this concept particularly in a parasitoid complex. The concept of r and K also is discussed in relation to biological control strategies, and the implications of this analysis for those arguments are discussed.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 26 (1976), S. 53-60 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Field studies of dispersal by first instar gypsy moth larvae indicate that almost all larvae undergo an initial dispersal episode. However, in laboratory studies large larvae (from large eggs) disperse more frequently than small larvae (from small eggs) in the presence of favored food. Large larvae may be better adapted for dispersal. When larvae encounter unacceptable food or are denied food, larvae disperse more frequently and dispersal by small larvae is nearly as frequent as dispersal by large larvae. Factors affecting egg size may contribute to shifts in dispersal patterns of gypsy moth larvae and distribution of populations.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Oecologia 85 (1991), S. 562-571 
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Generalized plant defense ; Community structure ; Pseudomonas sp. ; Manduca sexta ; Trichoplusia ni
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two species of lepidopteran herbivores, Manduca sexta (Sphingidae) and Trichoplusia ni (Noctuidae), were reared on synthetic diet containing either the alkaloid nicotine or the flavonoid rutin. Survival and pupal weight of the specialist M. sexta did not differ when larvae were reared on diet containing nicotine or rutin. In contrast, the generalist T. ni did not survive on diet containing 0.125% nicotine or greater, whereas larvae survived on all concentrations of rutin. These data demonstrate that the alkaloid nicotine is inhibitory toward generalist, but not specialist herbivores, whereas the flavonoid rutin has no effect on specialist herbivores and limited effects on generalist herbivores. Five species of Pseudomonas bacterial pathogens: P. syringae, P. syringae pv. angulata, P. syringae pv. tabaci, P. fluorescens, and P. solanacearum were grown on nutrient agar containing nicotine or rutin at concentrations ranging from 0.0 to 1.0% wet weight in 0.1% intervals. No species of Pseudomonas grew at concentrations greater than 0.5% nicotine when 106 colony forming units (cfu) were used, but growth occurred at all concentrations of rutin when 102 cfu were used. These data indicate that nicotine was inhibitory to growth of both herbivores and pathogens, suggesting that certain plant secondary chemicals with high toxicity are of a generalized nature and affect multiple species. Differences in the sensitivity of organisms to allelochemicals such as generalist or specialist can make it appear that specific allelochemicals affect specific organisms, when in fact it is the tolerance of the organism to the plant chemical that is responsible. In four separate studies, the growth of M. sexta, T. ni and Helicoverpa zea was significantly lower on plants inoculated with P. solanacearum. Alteration in leaf quality by P. solanacearum was due to either reductions in leaf nutrients or increases in allelochemicals. We speculate that localized or systemic induction by both herbivores and pathogens can cause changes in leaf quality, effecting each other's subsequent colonization. The generalized nature of plant secondary compounds and potential reciprocal effects on induction by both species suggests that herbivores and pathogens may affect plant quality through induction and diffuse interactions of disparate species can alter the community of organisms colonizing a plant.
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