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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early stage electromigration in gold thin films (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 84 (1998), S. 4248-4254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The early stage of electromigration in thin gold films on polyimide has been investigated at room temperature using the resistometric technique. While the resistance increase is initially linear, a saturation tendency is observed for longer stressing times at all stress current densities. A simple model is described which relates the saturation behavior in the resistance change to the buildup of mechanical stress gradients, which produce a counterflux of metal ions proportional to the stress gradient. The stress gradients arise due to nonuniformity in the grain size in the polycrystalline thin metal films which produces cluster regions of small grain size alternating with regions of large or near-bamboo grain size, which have larger and smaller metal ion diffusivities, respectively. The dependence of the maximum level of the resistance's change and the rate of resistance increase on the stress current density are experimentally characterized and compared with the model's predictions with good agreement. © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.368641
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical attenuation in planar waveguides of unidirectionally oriented copolyester film (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 9326-9333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The in-plane optical loss was correlated with molecular orientation in a unidirectionally stretched poly(ethylene terephthalate-co-isophthalate) copolyester film. X-ray scattering was applied to ascertain the anisotropic and amorphous natures of the stretched film. The film was adhered onto a silicon wafer to fabricate a planar waveguide. Multiple TE and TM propagation modes were obtained on the planar waveguide using a prism coupler at 632.8 nm yielding in-plane refractive indices of 1.6545 and 1.5464, parallel and transverse to the stretch direction, respectively. For each waveguide mode, a propagation streak was generated and registered on photographic film. The in-plane linear attenuation coefficient, α(parallel)≡{ln[I(O)/I(x(parallel))]}/x(parallel), was derived from the propagation streak. The optical path of each mode was determined and used to normalize α(parallel). For the TE modes, α(parallel) increased with the mode number and was highly anisotropic, i.e., α(parallel) (parallel to the stretch direction)≤α(parallel) (transverse to the stretch direction). However, for the TM modes, α(parallel) was found to be a constant smaller than those of the TE modes, and was independent of mode number as well as molecular orientation. The bulk α(parallel) was extrapolated to remove the surface loss contributions for the planar waveguide. Dipole interaction between the stretched copolyester, surface irregularities, and the TE or TM polarization was analyzed to delineate the in-plane optical loss behavior. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.362609
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of the semi-insulating GaAs Schottky pad on the Schottky barrier in the active layer (1996)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 68 (1996), S. 2550-2552 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The influence of the sidegate voltage on the Schottky barrier in the ion-implanted active layer via the Schottky pad on the semi-insulating GaAs substrate was observed, and the mechanism for such an influence was proposed. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.116180
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Tensile strength of single-walled carbon nanotubes directly measured from their macroscopic ropes (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 77 (2000), S. 3161-3163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: 20 mm long ropes consisting of soundly aligned single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) ropes, synthesized by the catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons, were employed for direct tensile strength measurements. The average tensile strength of SWNT rope composites is as high as 3.6±0.4 GPa, similar to that of carbon fibers. The tensile strength of SWNT bundles was extrapolated from the strength of the composites to be 2.3±0.2 to 14.2±1.4 GPa after simply taking into account the volume fraction of SWNT bundles in the minicomposite, and the tensile strength of single SWNTs was estimated to be as high as 22.2±2.2 GPa. The excellent mechanical properties of SWNTs will make them an ideal reinforcement agent for high performance composite materials. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1324984
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical structural features of pyridine extracts and residues of the Argonne Premium coals using solid-state C-13 NMR spectroscopy (1993)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Energy & fuels 7 (1993), S. 734-742 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5029
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef00042a006
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Enhanced electrical properties of rigid-rod polymer incorporated with electroactive triarylamino moieties (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 85 (1999), S. 280-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Oxidatively stable and electrically insulating rigid-rod polymer poly(p-phenylenebenzobisthiazole) (PBT), was incorporated with electroactive triarylamino (TPA) moieties, (R)TPA-PBT with R=NMe2 and Me. Copolymers or homopolymers were synthesized with various TPA fractions changing the polymers to segmentally rigid configuration, and fabricated into films. On cast films, x-ray scattering revealed that the copolymers were random copolymers, microscopy showed "template effect" from the rigid segments. Iodine activation of the incorporated polymers led consistently to more than five order-of-magnitude increases in electrical conductivity. The activated conductivity also increased with TPA fraction. A conductivity value as high as 4.1×10−4 S/cm was realized for the activated (NMe2)TPA-PBT homopolymer. However, temporal stabilities were observed for the conductivity, which seemed to depend on the polymer composition and film morphology. Spectroscopic examination detected no new electronic state generated by iodine doping. Instead, optical absorbance was drastically increased for hν greater than 2 eV with a change in film color. Both enhanced conductivity and absorbance were not exhibited by the iodine-activated PBT polymer. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.369442
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of dietary lipid and reduced glutathione on composition and storage quality of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque) (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Aquaculture research 24 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Semi-purified casein/gelatin diets containing two levels of lipid (5 or 10%) and three levels of reduced glutathione (0,0·1 or 1·0%) in a factorial arrangement were fed to fingerling channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), in aquaria for 10 weeks. Factorial analysis of variance indicated that dietary lipid had significant (P 〈 0·05) effects on growth, feed efficiency and body composition of channel catfish. Diets containing 10% lipid generally produced higher weight gain and feed efficiency values as well as higher intraperitoneal fat. The higher level of dietary lipid also produced lower moisture and higher lipid (on a wet-weight basis) levels in whole-body and fillet tissues. Stability of fillet samples was estimated by 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) analysis which revealed that 10% dietary lipid significantly elevated fillet TBA values while glutathione did not have any effect. Therefore, dietary lipid level altered growth and body composition of channel catfish as well as oxidative stability of fillet samples while dietary glutathione was generally ineffective.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1993.tb00620.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Apparent protein and phosphorus digestibilities of five different dietary protein sources in Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (Hilgendorf) (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Aquaculture research 32 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: A 6-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the apparent protein and phosphorus digestibilities in order to evaluate five different dietary protein sources in juvenile Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. Five diets containing fish meal analog (BAIFA-MTM), white fish meal (WFM), rockfish muscle (RM), soybean meal (SM) or corn gluten meal (CGM) were prepared by mixing a basal diet (BD) with one of five test ingredients at the ratio of 7:3. As a reference diet, BD contained three different protein sources, such as casein, gelatin and rockfish muscle. Fish averaging 3.1 ± 0.03 g (mean ± SD) were distributed to each aquarium as a group of 20 fish reared in the recirculating system. Fish of triplicate groups were fed one of six experimental diets (BD + five test diets). Apparent digestibilities of dry matter, protein and phosphorus of six diets were determined by the chromic oxide (Cr2O3) method. After 6 weeks of the feeding trial, apparent protein digestibilities of RM, WFM, CGM, SM and BAIFA-MTM were 92.6%, 87.5%, 79.1%, 76.2% and 70.6%. Apparent phosphorus digestibilities of RM, BAIFA-MTM, WFM, CGM and SM were 77.5%, 66.9%, 59.5%, 22.2% and 12.6%. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) ranked with RM 〉 WFM, BD 〉 BAIFA-MTM, CGM and SM (P 〈 0.05). PER was positively correlated with apparent protein digestibility (r2 = 0.82, P 〈 0.05).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1355-557x.2001.00009.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optimum dietary protein level for maximum growth of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel) (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Aquaculture research 33 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: This experiment was conducted to determine the optimum dietary protein level for juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel) fed a white fish meal and casein-based diets for 8 weeks. Olive flounder with an initial body weight of 4.1 ± 0.02 g (mean ± SD) were fed one of the six isocaloric diets containing 35%, 45%, 50%, 55% and 65% crude protein (CP) at a feeding rate of 4–5% of wet body weight on a dry-matter basis to triplicate groups of 20 fish per aquarium. After 8 weeks of feeding, per cent weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency ratios of fish fed the 55% CP diet were not significantly higher than those from fish fed the 50% and 65% CP diets, but significantly higher than those from fish fed the 35% and 45% CP diets. Fish fed the 50%, 55% and 65% CP diets had significant higher specific growth rates than did fish fed the 35% and 45% CP diets; however, there was no significant difference among fish fed the 50%, 55% and 65% CP diets. The protein efficiency ratio was inversely related to the dietary protein level; that is, maximum efficiency occurred at the lowest dietary protein level. Broken-line model analysis indicated that the optimum dietary protein level was 51.2 ± 1.8% for maximum weight gain in juvenile olive flounder. The second-order polynomial regression analysis showed that the maximum WG occurred at 57.7% and it revealed that the minimum range of protein requirement was between 44.2% and 46.4%. These findings suggest that the optimum dietary protein level for maximum growth could be greater than 46.4%, but less than 51.2% CP in fish meal and casein-based diets containing 17.0 kJ g−1 energy for juvenile olive flounder.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2109.2002.00704.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Chlorella powder as a feed additive on growth performance in juvenile Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (Hilgendorf) (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Aquaculture research 32 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2109
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of Chlorella powder (CHP) as a feed additive on growth performance in juvenile Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (Hilgendorf). Six experimental diets were supplemented with Chlorella powder (CHP) at 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 4.0% (CHP0, CHP0.5, CHP1.0, CHP1.5, CHP2.0 and CHP4.0, respectively) of diet as a dry matter basis. Three replicate groups of fish averaging 2.1 ± 0.02 g (mean ± SD) were fed one of six experimental diets for 12 weeks. After the feeding trial, fish fed CHP0.5 had a higher weight gain and specific growth rate than did fish fed CHP0, CHP1.5, CHP2.0 and CHP4.0. However, there was no significant difference among fish fed CHP0.5 and CHP1.0. Fish fed CHP0.5 had a significantly higher feed efficiency ratio and a protein efficiency ratio than did fish fed the other diets. Fish fed CHP4.0 had a lower significantly serum total lipid than did fish fed CHP0, CHP0.5 and CHP1.0, however, there was no significant difference among fish fed CHP1.5, CHP2.0 and CHP4.0. Fish fed CHP2.0 had significantly higher serum albumin and lower serum glucose than did fish fed CHP0. Fish fed CHP4.0 had significantly higher liver protein and lower liver fat than did fish fed the other diets. These results suggest that the optimum dietary CHP supplementation level could be approximately 0.5% of diet for positive effects on growth and feed utilization without any negative effects on blood parameters and body composition in juvenile Korean rockfish.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1355-557x.2001.00008.x
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