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  • 1
    Description / Table of Contents: Humans have long marvelled at (and feared) the odorous and colourful manifestations of volcanic emissions, and, in some cases, have harnessed them for their economic value. The degassing process responsible for these phenomena is now understood to be one of the key factors influencing the timing and nature of volcanic eruptions. Moreover the surface emissions of these volatiles can have profound effects on the atmospheric and terrestrial environment, and climate. Even more fundamental are the relationships between the history of planetary outgassing, differentiation of the Earth’s interior, chemistry of the atmosphere and hydrosphere, and the origin and evolution of life. This book provides a compilation of 23 papers that investigate the behaviour of volatiles in magma, the feedbacks between degassing and magma dynamics, and the composition, flux, and environmental, atmospheric and climatic impacts of volcanic gas emissions.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (420 Seiten)
    ISBN: 186239136X
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Full resolution Stromboli Hazards map is available at the following link: http://www.journalofmaps.com
    Description: Hazard and risk maps are tools for both mitigating against risk and informing and preparing the general public. Recent studies have highlighted that volcanic hazard and risk maps used during emergencies can be difficult to interpret. Our research focuses on evaluating and improving the efficacy of currently available maps of Stromboli volcano on Stromboli island (Italy) for the communication of volcanic hazard and risk information. Stromboli is an active volcano characterised by persistent explosive activity, sporadic lava effusions and landslides on the volcanos northwestern flank, which sometimes generates tsunamis, most recently in 2002. This study used semi-structured interviews conducted with local legislators, administrators and ‘enforcers’ to understand their perceptions of available risk information; to evaluate the respondents mental spatial maps; and to determine the most important components in encouraging risk-reducing behaviour in a hazardous situation. Respondents were asked to evaluate a contour map, an aerial photograph, a digital elevation model (DEM) and an innovative 3D tsunami risk map. These results enabled the development of different volcanic risk maps for use by ‘experts’ and ‘tourists’ using a contour map and a DEM (Scale 1:12.500). A 3D map focused on the tsunami risk (Scale 1:6.500) area was also produced.
    Description: Published
    Description: 260-269
    Description: 5.5. TTC - Sistema Informativo Territoriale
    Description: 5.9. Formazione e informazione
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Stromboli ; Volcanic hazard ; Geomatics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 79 (1996), S. 1630-1641 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The magnetic properties and field-dependent specific heat of melt-spun amorphous RE70TM30 (RE=Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho and Er; TM=Fe and Ni) and Gd65Co35 alloys were investigated as potential magnetic refrigerants. Essentially zero magnetic hysteresis was observed in all the Gd–TM alloys at temperatures from 5 K up to the ordering temperatures. The coercive force of the RE70TM30 alloys depended mainly on the RE species and increased according to the order of RE=Gd〈Ho〈Er〈Dy〈Tb. The magnetic susceptibility of most of the alloys showed apparently normal Curie–Weiss behavior above the ordering temperatures. The heat capacity measurements in zero field and applied fields of 4 and 8 T indicated that the magnetic transition in these alloys are significantly broadened. The maximum adiabatic temperature changes for Er70Fe30, Gd70Ni30 and Gd65Co35 amorphous alloys in a field change of 8 T are 4.0, 3.4, and 3.0 K, respectively. Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed that Fe atoms in the amorphous RE70Fe30 alloys carry a small magnetic moment that may complicate the magnetic ordering in the alloys. A simple model assuming a Gaussian distribution of ordering temperatures around the apparent Curie temperature was constructed to attempt to reconcile the differences in the observed magnetic properties of these amorphous alloys. The broad magnetic transition is attributed to the fluctuation of the exchange integral caused by the structural disorder in amorphous alloys. The calculated susceptibility, magnetization, and heat capacity agreed reasonably well with the experimental data and show that the magnetic susceptibility and magnetization are only weakly affected by the distribution of ordering temperatures, but the heat capacity is much more sensitive to such a distribution. To effectively screen out magnetic refrigerants with sharp magnetic transitions and correspondingly large adiabatic temperature changes from those with broadened transitions and small adiabatic temperature changes, the field-dependent heat capacity measurement technique is a powerful tool to use. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 63 (1988), S. 4294-4296 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The thermal conductivity K of rare-earth intermetallic compounds with magnetic ordering temperatures T0 below 100 K is a key parameter affecting their use in magnetic refrigerators and regenerators. We have measured the thermal conductivity of ErAl2, T0=12 K, between 5 and 170 K in 0- and 7-T applied magnetic fields. The zero-field results show a strong, 20-K-wide minimum in the thermal conductivity near the ordering temperature. The results at 7 T indicate that the magnetic field eliminates the minimum and produces a monotonic temperature dependence. We attribute these effects to magnetic scattering of electrons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 64 (1988), S. 5892-5894 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have measured the specific heat of an arc-melted specimen of Gd0.06Er0.94Al2 in applied magnetic fields of 1, 3, 5, and 8 T from 4.5 to 40 K, and in zero field from 1.4 to 98 K. Inspection of entropy versus temperature with the lattice included shows that the maximum adiabatic cooling is 13 K and occurs from 30 K at 8 T to 17 K at zero field. With our previous magnetization measurements on Gd0.5Er0.5Al2, our data indicate that substitution of Gd for Er in this crystalline environment does not significantly increase the magnetocrystalline anisotropy. The solid solution is magnetically soft and most of the magnetic entropy changes occur below 30 K.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 37 (1965), S. 1148-1151 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 3235-3237 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: GdRh, a ferromagnetic intermetallic, is of interest as a working material for magnetic refrigeration. The requirements for such materials have been discussed by Barclay et al. and it is in this context that we analyze our data. Magnetic measurements of Buschow et al. have indicated TC =24 K while specific heat measurements of Olijhoek et al. have shown a maximum at 20 K and have yielded a magnetic entropy of 16.7 J/mole K. No Debye temperature has been reported previously. We have measured the specific heat from 1.8 to 77 K and our data show a peak at 19.93 K that is 17% higher than in the previous work. Fitting of the data from 40 to 77 K to C=A/T2+D(T/θ{T}), where A and θ{T} are adjustable parameters and D is the Debye function, yields a Debye temperature of 198±2 K. For the magnetic entropy we obtain 17.4 J/K, very close to R ln 8.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 57 (1985), S. 3829-3829 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Study of the thermodynamics of magnetic refrigeration cycles that use the magnetocaloric effect in ferromagnetic materials requires, as a minimum, knowledge of the zero-field heat capacity C0 and the equation of state of the magnetization, M= f(B,T), for each material. However, refrigerator design calculations are easier to make if the field-dependent heat capacity CB and adiabatic temperature change ΔTS are known. The field-dependent heat capacity can either be directly measured or be derived according to CB(B,T) =CB(B=0,T) + ∫B0 (∂2M/∂l2)dB. The adiabatic temperature change can be obtained in three ways: by direct measurement, from field and temperature dependent entropy curves, or from dT=−T ∫B0 (1/CB) (∂M/∂T)dB. The time required for measurement, the complexity of the apparatus, and the quality of the resultant data differ considerably among the above methods. We have measured the magnetization, heat capacity, and adiabatic temperature change for several ferromagnetic intermetallic gadolinium compounds. Using these data an analysis of the different methods of obtaining CB and ΔTs will be presented. The accuracy, precision, and pitfalls of each approach will be discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 32 (1976), S. 554-555 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two distinct polypeptides have been isolated from rat heart and ox blood. They are both found to be effective in forming complexes with sodium ions, and it is suggested that they may have a function in stabilizing sodium ion activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Bulletin of volcanology 57 (1995), S. 422-431 
    ISSN: 1432-0819
    Keywords: Key words Bubble growth ; Decompression ; Magma ; Viscosity ; Volcanic eruptions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Analytical models for decompressional bubble growth in a viscous magma are developed to establish the influence of high magma viscosity on vesiculation and to assess the time-scales on which bubbles respond to decompression. Instantaneous decompression of individual bubbles, analogous to a sudden release of pressure (e.g. sector collapse), is considered for two end-member cases. The infinite melt model considers the growth of an isolated bubble before significant bubble interaction occurs. The shell model considers the growth of a bubble surrounded by a thin shell and is analogous to bubble growth in a highly vesicular magmatic foam. Results from the shell model show that magmas less viscous than ≈109 Pa s can freely expand without developing strong overpressures. The time-scales for pressure re-equilibration are shortened by increased ratios of bubble radius to shell thickness and by larger decompression. Time-scales for isolated bubbles in rhyolitic melts (infinite melt model) are significantly longer, implying that such bubbles could experience internal pressures greater than the ambient pressure for at least a few hours following a sudden release of pressure. The shell model is developed to assess bubble growth during the linear decompression of a magma body of constant viscosity. For the range of decompression rates and viscosities associated with actual volcanic eruptions, bubble growth continues at approximately the equilibrium rate, with no attendant excess of internal pressure. The results imply that viscosity does not have any significant role in preventing the explosive expansion of high viscosity foams. However, for viscosities of 〉109 Pa s there is the potential for a 'viscosity quench' under the extreme decompression rates of an explosive eruption. It is proposed that the typical vesicularities of pumice of 0.7–0.8 are a consequence of the viscosity of the degassing magmas becoming sufficiently high to inhibit bubble expansion over the characteristic time-scale of eruption. For fully degassed silicic lavas with viscosities in the range 1010 to 1012 Pa s time-scales for decompression of isolated bubbles can be hours to many months.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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