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  • 1
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    Forecasting the Dst index during corotating interaction region events using synthesized solar wind parameters (2012)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-03
    Description: Observations from SOHO, STEREO, and ACE during the declining phase of the solar cycle toward the deep minimum in 2008 are analyzed to establish the timing of corotating interaction region (CIR) activity. This analysis is then employed to synthesize signals of the z component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz, solar wind radial velocity vx, and solar wind proton density Np at 1 AU. The synthesized signals are used as a substitute for ACE measurements to represent solar wind forcing due to coronal hole driven CIR events occurring during multiple Bartel rotations (BR 2381 to BR 2393). The signals drive a low-order physics-based model of the magnetosphere called WINDMI, one of whose outputs is the ground-based measurement of the Dst index. Estimating the arrival of CIR events for future rotations using ACE and SOHO data during BR 2381 produced what we refer to as an uncalibrated yearly forecast. We next generated a video-calibrated estimate of the arrival times of CIR events in addition to information from BR 2381 using SOHO and STEREO images of the Sun in order to produce a simulated 3.5 day ahead forecast of possible geomagnetic activity. The time of arrival of CIR events is taken to be the travel time of density compressions as seen in a noninertial frame according to a radial solar wind speed of 500 km/s and a distance of 1 AU. We were able to forecast the timing of CIR-induced geomagnetic activity to within 12 h for 17 out of 28 events by using the expected recurrence of the events through multiple Bartel rotations together with SOHO and STEREO coronal hole sightings made 3.5 days before every event. The uncertainty in the IMF Bz led to a forecast of levels of geomagnetic activity on an ensemble basis, yielding a distribution of different possible Dst signatures. We used a 10-sample ensemble and a 50-sample ensemble to obtain typical representations of geomagnetic activity. Depending on the periodicity and intensity of fluctuations in Bz, we obtained higher or lower levels of activity and shorter or longer times for the recovery of the Dst to quiet levels.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 2
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    Variability in gene expression underlies incomplete penetrance (2010)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2010-02-19
    Description: The phenotypic differences between individual organisms can often be ascribed to underlying genetic and environmental variation. However, even genetically identical organisms in homogeneous environments vary, indicating that randomness in developmental processes such as gene expression may also generate diversity. To examine the consequences of gene expression variability in multicellular organisms, we studied intestinal specification in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans in which wild-type cell fate is invariant and controlled by a small transcriptional network. Mutations in elements of this network can have indeterminate effects: some mutant embryos fail to develop intestinal cells, whereas others produce intestinal precursors. By counting transcripts of the genes in this network in individual embryos, we show that the expression of an otherwise redundant gene becomes highly variable in the mutants and that this variation is subjected to a threshold, producing an ON/OFF expression pattern of the master regulatory gene of intestinal differentiation. Our results demonstrate that mutations in developmental networks can expose otherwise buffered stochastic variability in gene expression, leading to pronounced phenotypic variation.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836165/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2836165/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Raj, Arjun -- Rifkin, Scott A -- Andersen, Erik -- van Oudenaarden, Alexander -- 5F32GM080966/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- DP1 OD003936/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP1 OD003936-01/OD/NIH HHS/ -- DP1 OD003936-02/OD/NIH HHS/ -- F32 GM080966/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- England -- Nature. 2010 Feb 18;463(7283):913-8. doi: 10.1038/nature08781.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20164922" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/*embryology/*genetics ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation/genetics ; Cell Lineage/genetics ; Chromatin/genetics/metabolism ; Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly/genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; GATA Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/*genetics ; Gene Regulatory Networks/*genetics ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Intestines/cytology/embryology/metabolism ; Models, Genetic ; *Penetrance ; RNA, Helminth/analysis/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/analysis/genetics ; Stochastic Processes ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    Molecular biology. Time-lapse transcription (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-04-23
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nair, Gautham -- Raj, Arjun -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Apr 22;332(6028):431-2. doi: 10.1126/science.1205995.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21512026" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; DNA-Directed RNA Polymerases/metabolism ; Fibroblasts ; *Gene Expression ; *Gene Silencing ; Genes, Fungal ; Kinetics ; Mice ; Models, Genetic ; RNA, Messenger/*genetics/metabolism ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Stochastic Processes ; *Transcription, Genetic ; *Transcriptional Activation ; Yeasts/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 4
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    A one-step conversion of benzene to phenol with a palladium membrane (2002)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2002-01-05
    Description: Existing phenol production processes tend to be energy-consuming and produce unwanted by-products. We report an efficient process using a shell-and-tube reactor, in which a gaseous mixture of benzene and oxygen is fed into a porous alumina tube coated with a palladium thin layer and hydrogen is fed into the shell. Hydrogen dissociated on the palladium layer surface permeates onto the back and reacts with oxygen to give active oxygen species, which attack benzene to produce phenol. This one-step process attained phenol formation selectivities of 80 to 97% at benzene conversions of 2 to 16% below 250 degrees C (phenol yield: 1.5 kilograms per kilogram of catalyst per hour at 150 degrees C).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Niwa Si, Shu-ichi -- Eswaramoorthy, Muthusamy -- Nair, Jalajakumari -- Raj, Anuj -- Itoh, Naotsugu -- Shoji, Hiroshi -- Namba, Takemi -- Mizukami, Fujio -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2002 Jan 4;295(5552):105-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute for Materials and Chemical Process, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11778042" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Control of somatic tissue differentiation by the long non-coding RNA TINCR (2012)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-12-04
    Description: Several of the thousands of human long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been functionally characterized; however, potential roles for lncRNAs in somatic tissue differentiation remain poorly understood. Here we show that a 3.7-kilobase lncRNA, terminal differentiation-induced ncRNA (TINCR), controls human epidermal differentiation by a post-transcriptional mechanism. TINCR is required for high messenger RNA abundance of key differentiation genes, many of which are mutated in human skin diseases, including FLG, LOR, ALOXE3, ALOX12B, ABCA12, CASP14 and ELOVL3. TINCR-deficient epidermis lacked terminal differentiation ultrastructure, including keratohyalin granules and intact lamellar bodies. Genome-scale RNA interactome analysis revealed that TINCR interacts with a range of differentiation mRNAs. TINCR-mRNA interaction occurs through a 25-nucleotide 'TINCR box' motif that is strongly enriched in interacting mRNAs and required for TINCR binding. A high-throughput screen to analyse TINCR binding capacity to approximately 9,400 human recombinant proteins revealed direct binding of TINCR RNA to the staufen1 (STAU1) protein. STAU1-deficient tissue recapitulated the impaired differentiation seen with TINCR depletion. Loss of UPF1 and UPF2, both of which are required for STAU1-mediated RNA decay, however, did not have differentiation effects. Instead, the TINCR-STAU1 complex seems to mediate stabilization of differentiation mRNAs, such as KRT80. These data identify TINCR as a key lncRNA required for somatic tissue differentiation, which occurs through lncRNA binding to differentiation mRNAs to ensure their expression.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3674581/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3674581/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kretz, Markus -- Siprashvili, Zurab -- Chu, Ci -- Webster, Dan E -- Zehnder, Ashley -- Qu, Kun -- Lee, Carolyn S -- Flockhart, Ross J -- Groff, Abigail F -- Chow, Jennifer -- Johnston, Danielle -- Kim, Grace E -- Spitale, Robert C -- Flynn, Ryan A -- Zheng, Grace X Y -- Aiyer, Subhadra -- Raj, Arjun -- Rinn, John L -- Chang, Howard Y -- Khavari, Paul A -- AR49737/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- DP2 OD008514/OD/NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA124435/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 AR049737/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG004361/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01-HG004361/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- T32 AR007422/AR/NIAMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- England -- Nature. 2013 Jan 10;493(7431):231-5. doi: 10.1038/nature11661. Epub 2012 Dec 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23201690" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Base Sequence ; Cell Differentiation/*genetics ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/metabolism ; Epidermis/*cytology/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation ; High-Throughput Screening Assays ; Humans ; Keratinocytes ; Mutation ; Nucleotide Motifs/genetics ; Protein Binding ; RNA Stability/genetics ; RNA, Long Noncoding/*genetics/*metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Skin Diseases/genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 6
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    Noise in gene expression determines cell fate in Bacillus subtilis (2007)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-06-16
    Description: Random cell-to-cell variations in gene expression within an isogenic population can lead to transitions between alternative states of gene expression. Little is known about how these variations (noise) in natural systems affect such transitions. In Bacillus subtilis, noise in ComK, the protein that regulates competence for DNA uptake, is thought to cause cells to transition to the competent state in which genes encoding DNA uptake proteins are expressed. We demonstrate that noise in comK expression selects cells for competence and that experimental reduction of this noise decreases the number of competent cells. We also show that transitions are limited temporally by a reduction in comK transcription. These results illustrate how such stochastic transitions are regulated in a natural system and suggest that noise characteristics are subject to evolutionary forces.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3828679/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3828679/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Maamar, Hedia -- Raj, Arjun -- Dubnau, David -- GM 070357/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM 57720/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM057720/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2007 Jul 27;317(5837):526-9. Epub 2007 Jun 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Public Health Research Institute Center, New Jersey Medical School, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17569828" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacillus subtilis/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism/*physiology ; Bacterial Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Biological Evolution ; Feedback, Physiological ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA Stability ; RNA, Bacterial/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Stochastic Processes ; Transcription Factors/*genetics/*metabolism ; Transformation, Bacterial
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Identification of genetic variants that affect histone modifications in human cells (2013)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-19
    Description: Histone modifications are important markers of function and chromatin state, yet the DNA sequence elements that direct them to specific genomic locations are poorly understood. Here, we identify hundreds of quantitative trait loci, genome-wide, that affect histone modification or RNA polymerase II (Pol II) occupancy in Yoruba lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). In many cases, the same variant is associated with quantitative changes in multiple histone marks and Pol II, as well as in deoxyribonuclease I sensitivity and nucleosome positioning. Transcription factor binding site polymorphisms are correlated overall with differences in local histone modification, and we identify specific transcription factors whose binding leads to histone modification in LCLs. Furthermore, variants that affect chromatin at distal regulatory sites frequently also direct changes in chromatin and gene expression at associated promoters.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3947669/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3947669/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉McVicker, Graham -- van de Geijn, Bryce -- Degner, Jacob F -- Cain, Carolyn E -- Banovich, Nicholas E -- Raj, Anil -- Lewellen, Noah -- Myrthil, Marsha -- Gilad, Yoav -- Pritchard, Jonathan K -- GM007197/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- HG006123/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- HG007036/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- MH084703/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 HG006123/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- R01 MH084703/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- T32 GM007197/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- U01 HG007036/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2013 Nov 8;342(6159):747-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1242429. Epub 2013 Oct 17.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24136359" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Binding Sites/genetics ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cells/metabolism ; Chromatin/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; *Genetic Variation ; Genome, Human ; Histones/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Protein Processing, Post-Translational/*genetics ; Quantitative Trait Loci ; RNA Polymerase II/chemistry/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    RNA splicing is a primary link between genetic variation and disease (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-30
    Description: Noncoding variants play a central role in the genetics of complex traits, but we still lack a full understanding of the molecular pathways through which they act. We quantified the contribution of cis-acting genetic effects at all major stages of gene regulation from chromatin to proteins, in Yoruba lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). About ~65% of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) have primary effects on chromatin, whereas the remaining eQTLs are enriched in transcribed regions. Using a novel method, we also detected 2893 splicing QTLs, most of which have little or no effect on gene-level expression. These splicing QTLs are major contributors to complex traits, roughly on a par with variants that affect gene expression levels. Our study provides a comprehensive view of the mechanisms linking genetic variation to variation in human gene regulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Li, Yang I -- van de Geijn, Bryce -- Raj, Anil -- Knowles, David A -- Petti, Allegra A -- Golan, David -- Gilad, Yoav -- Pritchard, Jonathan K -- R01MH084703/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01MH101825/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- U01HG007036/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- U54CA149145/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2016 Apr 29;352(6285):600-4. doi: 10.1126/science.aad9417. Epub 2016 Apr 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. ; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. ; Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. ; Genome Institute, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA. ; Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. gilad@uchicago.edu pritch@stanford.edu. ; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. gilad@uchicago.edu pritch@stanford.edu.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27126046" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Line ; Chromatin/metabolism ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; *Genetic Variation ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Humans ; Immune System Diseases/*genetics ; Lymphocytes/immunology ; Phenotype ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; *Quantitative Trait Loci ; RNA Splicing/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    Experimental investigation of in-cylinder air flow to optimize number of helical guide vanes to enhance DI diesel engine performance using mamey sapote biodiesel (2018)
    Institute of Physics (IOP)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-04-06
    Description: The current research work investigates the influence of helical guide vanes in to the intake runner of a D.I diesel engine operating by the high viscous Mamey Sapote biodiesel to enhance in-cylinder suction air flow features. Helical guide vanes of different number of vanes are produced from 3D printing and placed in the intake manifold to examine the air flow characteristics. Four different helical guide vane devices namely 3, 4, 5 and 6 vanes of the same dimensions are tested in a D.I diesel engine operating with Mamey Sapote biodiesel blend. As per the experimental results of engine performance and emission characteristics, it is found that 5 vanes helical guide vane swirl device exhibited in addition number of increased improvements such as the brake power and bake thermal efficiency by 2.4% and 8.63% respectively and the HC, NOx, Carbon monoxide and, Smoke densities are reduced by 15.62%, 4.23%, 14.27% and 9.6% at peak load operating conditions as collate with normal engine...
    Print ISSN: 1757-8981
    Electronic ISSN: 1757-899X
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Published by Institute of Physics (IOP)
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  • 10
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    Life without tRNAIle-lysidine synthetase: translation of the isoleucine codon AUA in Bacillus subtilis lacking the canonical tRNA2Ile (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-11
    Description: Translation of the isoleucine codon AUA in most prokaryotes requires a modified C (lysidine or agmatidine) at the wobble position of tRNA 2 Ile to base pair specifically with the A of the AU A codon but not with the G of AU G . Recently, a Bacillus subtilis strain was isolated in which the essential gene encoding tRNA Ile -lysidine synthetase was deleted for the first time. In such a strain, C34 at the wobble position of tRNA 2 Ile is expected to remain unmodified and cells depend on a mutant suppressor tRNA derived from tRNA 1 Ile , in which G34 has been changed to U34. An important question, therefore, is how U34 base pairs with A without also base pairing with G. Here, we show (i) that unlike U34 at the wobble position of all B. subtilis tRNAs of known sequence, U34 in the mutant tRNA is not modified, and (ii) that the mutant tRNA binds strongly to the AUA codon on B. subtilis ribosomes but only weakly to AUG. These in vitro data explain why the suppressor strain displays only a low level of misreading AUG codons in vivo and, as shown here, grows at a rate comparable to that of the wild-type strain.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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