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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2017-09-07
    Description: Viruses are a key component of marine ecosystems, but the assessment of their global role in regulating microbial communities and the flux of carbon is precluded by a paucity of data, particularly in the deep ocean. We assessed patterns in viral abundance and production and the role of viral lysis as a driver of prokaryote mortality, from surface to bathypelagic layers, across the tropical and subtropical oceans. Viral abundance showed significant differences between oceans in the epipelagic and mesopelagic, but not in the bathypelagic, and decreased with depth, with an average power-law scaling exponent of –1.03 km –1 from an average of 7.76 x 10 6 viruses ml –1 in the epipelagic to 0.62 x 10 6 viruses ml –1 in the bathypelagic layer with an average integrated (0 to 4000 m) viral stock of about 0.004 to 0.044 g C m –2 , half of which is found below 775 m. Lysogenic viral production was higher than lytic viral production in surface waters, whereas the opposite was found in the bathypelagic, where prokaryotic mortality due to viruses was estimated to be 60 times higher than grazing. Free viruses had turnover times of 0.1 days in the bathypelagic, revealing that viruses in the bathypelagic are highly dynamic. On the basis of the rates of lysed prokaryotic cells, we estimated that viruses release 145 Gt C year –1 in the global tropical and subtropical oceans. The active viral processes reported here demonstrate the importance of viruses in the production of dissolved organic carbon in the dark ocean, a major pathway in carbon cycling.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2008-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0305-0548
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-765X
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Major depression is a highly prevalent disorder that poses a significant social burden in society nowadays. The pathophysiology of this disease is still poorly understood but growing evidence suggests that impaired neuron and glial plasticity may be a key underlying mechanism for the precipitation of the disorder. One of the most surprising findings in this field was the involvement of glial cells in the pathophysiology of major depression and in the action of antidepressants, namely in mechanisms related with adult neurogenesis imbalances or dendritic arborization impairments. In particular, several works refer to alterations in the morphology and numbers of astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes in the context of depression in human patients or animal models of depression. These observations were linked to functional evidences and suggested to underlie the pathophysiology of depression. Among others, these include impairments in the cross-talk between glia and neurons, changes in the level of neurotransmitter or immunoactive substances, myelination status, synapse formation, maintenance, or elimination. In addition to the implication of glia in the pathophysiology of depression, a number of studies is ascribing glia pathways to classically accepted antidepressant mechanisms. Therefore, it is noteworthy to elucidate the role of glia in the effect provided by antidepressant treatment in order to better understand secondary effects and elucidate alternative targets for treatment.
    Keywords: RC321-571 ; Q1-390 ; Neuron ; oligodendrocyte ; antidepressant ; Depression ; astrocyte ; Microglia ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAN Neurosciences
    Language: English
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Microchimica acta 52 (1964), S. 516-538 
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A radiochemical method is described for determining the endogenic respiration of bacterial spores. A nutrient solution for the cultivation of radioactive bacteria was obtained by the assimilation of radioactive carbon dioxide with the aid of a green leaf and its extraction with water and acid. These bacteria were separated from the nutrient medium by means of isotonic sodium chloride solution and brought to the spore stage. The specific activity of the spores in the best experiments was 3 · 103 disintegrations per minute and milligram spores. About 30 mg of the spores were kept suspended in sodium chloride solution at a particular temperature for the respiration experiments. Subsequently, the radioactive carbon dioxide evolved during this incubation was driven out by means of a known amount of inactive carbon dioxide, absorbed in alkali, and finally precipitated with barium. The carbon dioxide liberated from the precipitate was measured in a gas counting tube. The radioactivity serves as a measure of the respiration of the spore suspension. At room temperature the spore respiration is approximately three times higher than at 0° C, at 37° about 9 times higher. The vegetative forms ofBacillus mesentericus respire 1,7% of their dry mass per hour. Assuming that this consists of 50% carbon and that the respiratory coefficient is equal to 1, this endogenic respiration corresponds to a $$Q_{O_2 }$$ value of 16. The endogenic respiration of the spores is 255 times smaller than that of the vegetative forms. This corresponds to a $$Q_{O_2 }$$ -value of 0,06. The lowering of the respiration performance in the spore state is very noteworthy from the standpoint of the metabolic economy.
    Abstract: Résumé On décrit une méthode radiochimique pour déterminer la respiration endogène de spores bactériennes. On obtient une solution nutritive pour les bactéries radioactives en faisant assimiler du gaz carbonique radioactif par une feuille verte et en effectuant l'extraction par l'eau et par un acide. Elles sont séparées du bouillon de culture par une solution isotonique de chlorure de sodium et utilisées pour la multiplication des spores. L'activité spécifique des spores a atteint 3 · 103 désintégrations par minute et par milligramme de spores avec la meilleure expérience. Pour les expériences portant sur la respiration, on a maintenu en suspension 30 mg environ de spores, à température déterminée dans une solution de chlorure de sodium. Le gaz carbonique radioactif qui avait pris naissance pendant cette incubation a été finalement chassé par une quantité connue de gaz carbonique inactif, absorbé par de la soude, puis précipité par le baryum. On a dosé avec un tube compteur pour gaz le CO2 libéré par le précipité. On utilise la radioactivité comme mesure de la respiration par les spores en suspension. A température ambiante, la respiration des spores est environ 3 fois plus forte qu'à 0° C et à 37° environ 9 fois plus. Les formes végétatives deBacillus mesentericus respirent 1,7% de leur poids sec par heure. En supposant que celui-ci soit constitué par 50% de carbone et que le coefficient respiratoire soit égal à un, cette respiration endogène correspond à une valeur $$Q_{O_2 }$$ de 16. La respiration endogène des spores est 255 fois plus petite que celle des formes végétatives. Il lui correspond une valeur $$Q_{O_2 }$$ de 0,06. Du point de vue de l'économie du métabolisme des bactéries, la diminution du pouvoir respiratoire pendant la multiplication des spores constitue un phénomène très intéressant.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine radiochemische Methode zur Bestimmung der endogenen Atmung von Bakteriensporen wird beschrieben. Durch Assimilation von radioaktivem Kohlendioxid mit Hilfe eines grünen Blattes und dessen Extraktion mit Wasser und Säure wird eine Nährlösung für die Züchtung radioaktiver Bakterien gewonnen. Diese wurden vom Nährboden mit isotoner Kochsalzlösung getrennt und zur Versporung gebracht. Die spezifische Aktivität der Sporen war im besten Versuch 3 · 103 Zerfälle pro Minute und Milligramm Sporen. Für die Atmungsversuche wurden etwa 30 mg Sporen bei bestimmter Temperatur in Kochsalzlösung in Suspension gehalten. Anschließend wurde das während dieser Inkubation entwickelte radioaktive Kohlendioxid mit einer bekannten Menge inaktiven Kohlendioxids ausgetrieben, in Lauge absorbiert und schließlich mit Barium gefällt. Das aus dem Niederschlag freigesetzte Kohlendioxid wurde im Gaszählrohr gemessen. Die Radioaktivität dient als Maß für den veratmeten Teil der Sporensuspension. Bei Zimmertemperatur liegt die Sporenatmung etwa dreimal, bei 37° etwa neunmal höher als bei 0° C. Die vegetativen Formen vonBacillus mesentericus veratmen pro Stunde 1,7% ihrer Trockenmasse. Unter der Annahme, daß diese zu 50% aus Kohlenstoff besteht und daß der respiratorische Koeffizient gleich 1 ist, entspricht diese endogene Atmung einem $$Q_{O_2 }$$ -Wert von 16. Die endogene Atmung der Sporen ist 255mal kleiner als die der vegetativen Formen. Ihr entspricht ein $$Q_{O_2 }$$ -Wert von 0,06. Vom Standpunkt der Stoffwechselökonomie der Bakterien ist die Herabsetzung der Atmungsleistung bei der Versporung sehr bemerkenswert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2019-04-01
    Print ISSN: 1126-6708
    Electronic ISSN: 1029-8479
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2015-09-27
    Description: We investigate the spiral galaxy NGC 5394, which is strongly interacting with the larger spiral NGC 5395 (the pair is Arp 84), using optical integral-field spectroscopy from the CALIFA (Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area) survey. Spatially resolved equivalent widths, emission-line ratios and kinematics reveal many features related to the interaction, which has reshaped the galaxy. H α maps (with other diagnostic emission lines) show a concentrated central ( r  〈 1 kpc) starburst and three less luminous star-forming regions (one knot far out in the northern arm), and we estimate the dust-corrected total star-formation rate as 3.39 M yr – 1 . However, much of the galaxy, especially the outer tidal arms, has a post-starburst spectrum, evidence of a more extensive episode of star formation a few  x 10 8  yr ago, triggered by the previous perigalacticon. The $\rm [N\,\small {II}]6584/H\,\alpha$ ratio is high in the nucleus, reaching 0.63 at the centre, which we interpret as related to high electron density ( n e ~= 750 cm – 3 from the $\rm [S\,\small {II}]{6717\over 6731}$ ratio). We find a central region of strong and blueshifted Na i (5890,5896) absorption, indicative of a starburst-driven outflow from the nucleus at an estimated velocity ~223 km s – 1 . The CALIFA data also show an annular region at radii 2.25–4 kpc from the nucleus, with elevated ratios of [N ii ], [O i ]6300 etc. to the Balmer lines – this is evidence of shock excitation, which might be the result of interaction-triggered gas inflow.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2016-06-26
    Description: Typically we can deliver astrometric positions of natural satellites with errors in the 50–150 mas range. Apparent distances from mutual phenomena, have much smaller errors, less than 10 mas. However, this method can only be applied during the equinox of the planets. We developed a method that can provide accurate astrometric data for natural satellites – the mutual approximations. The method can be applied when any two satellites pass close by each other in the apparent sky plane. The fundamental parameter is the central instant t 0 of the passage when the distances reach a minimum. We applied the method for the Galilean moons. All observations were made with a 0.6 m telescope with a narrow-band filter centred at 889 nm with width of 15 nm which attenuated Jupiter's scattered light. We obtained central instants for 14 mutual approximations observed in 2014–2015. We determined t 0 with an average precision of 3.42 mas (10.43 km). For comparison, we also applied the method for 5 occultations in the 2009 mutual phenomena campaign and for 22 occultations in the 2014–2015 campaign. The comparisons of t 0 determined by our method with the results from mutual phenomena show an agreement by less than 1 error in t 0 , typically less than 10 mas. This new method is particularly suitable for observations by small telescopes.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
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  • 8
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2016-08-24
    Description: Author(s): David Figueiredo, Felipe A. Gomes, Sébastien Fumeron, Bertrand Berche, and Fernando Moraes This paper deals with the propagation of Klein-Gordon particles in flat background spacetime exhibiting discontinuous metric changes from a Lorentzian signature ( − , + , + , + ) to a Kleinian signature ( − , + , + , − ) . A formal analogy with the propagation of electrons at a junction between an anisotropic semico… [Phys. Rev. D 94, 044039] Published Mon Aug 22, 2016
    Keywords: General relativity, alternative theories of gravity
    Print ISSN: 0556-2821
    Electronic ISSN: 1089-4918
    Topics: Physics
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