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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Global Statistics of Protein Sequences: Implications for the Origin, Evolution, and Prediction of Structure (1994)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 23 (1994), S. 407-439 
    Details
    ISSN: 1056-8700
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bb.23.060194.002203
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The chemistry and electrochemistry associated with the electroplating of group VIA transition metals (1987)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 17 (1987), S. 225-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract An overview of the requirements for the electroplating of refractory metals from molten salts is presented, followed by a discussion of recent electrochemical studies which have been carried out to delineate the solution chemistry of alkali metal halide plating baths. New results for halide baths involving chromium and molybdenum are presented and considered from the view of both solution chemistry and the electrocrystallization processes of these metals. Advantages and disadvantages of these electrolytes are discussed in the context of plating cell development and pulse modulated plating techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01023289
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The standard electrode potential of the silver-silver chloride electrode in 5 wt. % tetramethylurea-water mixture at 30°C (1975)
    Springer
    Journal of solution chemistry 4 (1975), S. 831-839 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8927
    Keywords: Standard electrode potential ; silver-silver chloride electrode ; hydrogen electrode ; hydrogen chloride ; tetramethylurea ; aqueous solvent mixture ; solvation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Electromotive force measurements were made at 30°C with the cell $$H_2 (g)|Pt(s)|HCl(m){\text{ }}TMU(x){\text{ }}H_2 O(100 - x)|AgCl(s)|Ag(s)$$ wherex=5 wt. % tetramethylurea (TMU). The standard electrode potential of the silver-silver chloride electrode, the mean molal activity coefficient of hydrogen chloride, the primary medium effect, and the free energy of transfer of hydrogen chloride from the aqueous standard state to the standard state in the mixed solvent were derived from the measurements. The acquisition of data was limited to this single composition and temperature because of the difficulty of preparing hydrogen electrodes for this solvent medium. The results obtained for hydrogen chloride in 5 wt. % tetramethylurea-water mixture are discussed, relative to other organic-aqueous mixtures of the same composition, in terms of structural effects and hydrogen bonding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00649875
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The production of refractory metals by the electrolysis of molten salts; design factors and limitations (1978)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 8 (1978), S. 375-390 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The following basic physico-chemical and electrochemical factors, along with the considerations of electrochemical engineering science, are all important in the optimum design of electrolytic cells for the winning, refining, plating and forming of refractory metals: (a) anionic composition of the molten salt solvent; (b) cationic composition of the molten salt solvent; (c) concentration of the solute; (d) temperature of operation of the cell; (e) cathode potential; (f) cathode current density; and (g) acid-base, redox and complexation reactions that can be carried out in the electrolytic bath. In addition, practical limitations arise from such factors as the corrosion of cell and electrode materials, the hydrolysis of many of the hygroscopic salts employed as solutes and solvents and the reactions that occur at the counterelectrodes. More fundamental limitations which have been particularly recognized and characterized recently, arise from highly volatile, high-valency state compounds, insoluble cluster-type compounds and disproportionation reactions that involve intermediate valency state compounds. Examples of the above factors and limitations that have been applied or encountered in recent studies of the electrodeposition of titanium, molybdenum and tantalum are given and discussed. Ways to avoid these limitations are suggested and, in addition, scale-up and cell design are considered within the constraints of total energy and conventional economic process costing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00615833
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies of the kinetics of the lithium/aluminium electrode in molten LiCl-KCl by linear sweep voltammetry (1982)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 12 (1982), S. 669-680 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract The deposition of lithium on aluminium leads initially to the formation of a solid solution, followed by the precipitation of various lithium/aluminium alloys. Several fundamental phenomena such as monolayer formation and nucleation were shown to affect the kinetics of the deposition process. In the present investigation, the cyclic voltammetric technique (fast) was used to study these phenomena. It is a very useful technique for the qualitative understanding of the deposition process and in its scanning coulometric modification, which is also utilised in this investigation, it can provide useful semiquantitative information. Voltammetric profiles corresponding to the formation of theα-phase (a solid solution of Li and Al), theβ-phase (LiAl) and theγ-phase (Li3Al) amongst others, were identified and their characteristics investigated. The results are discussed against the background of the possible vitiating effects of impurities in the present paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00617487
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The solubility and electrochemistry of alkali metal oxides in the molten eutectic mixture of lithium carbonate-sodium carbonate-potassium carbonate (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 19 (1989), S. 901-910 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Metal oxides as solutes in molten electrolytes are important in metal winning as well as intermediates or reaction products in a number of new energy related technologies. The systematic behaviour of oxide ions in carbonate melts has received little attention. The results of electroanalytical measurements have shown that the solubilities of alkali metal oxides in the ternary eutectic mixture Li2CO3-Na2CO3-K2CO3 (43.5∶31.5∶25 mol %) in the temperature range 400–700°C are less than 0.5 mol %. The solubilitiesX (mole fraction) are given by: $$X_{oxide} = 0.0538\exp \left[ { - \frac{{5775}}{{RT}}} \right]$$ The oxidation reaction of oxide ions on the gold electrode produces peroxide ions. The identification of this reaction stoichiometry has enabled reliable evaluation of the diffusion coefficients of oxide ions as a function of temperature from the chronopotentiometric and voltammetric measurements. The diffusion coefficients in cm2 s-1 (×106) are expressed by: $$D_{oxide} = 0.0344\exp \left[ { - \frac{{15377}}{{RT}}} \right]$$ whereR is expressed in cal (mol K)-1 andT in degrees Kelvin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01007939
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative microstructures of natural and experimentally produced clay-bearing fault gouges (1986)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 124 (1986), S. 3-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Structural Geology ; faults ; S. E. Spain ; experimental rock mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Fault rocks formed in phyllosilicate-bearing rocks formed over a wide range of environmental conditions within the Earth's crust are characterised by similar structural and microstructural features. The most striking of these are (a) P foliation, defined by the preferred alignment of phyllosilicates in a plane oblique to the direction of shear and (b) small-scale shear zones either parallel to the shear direction (Y shears) or oblique to the direction of shear but with the opposite sense of obliquity relative to the P foliation (Riedel shears, R1). The minor shear zones have the same sense of displacement as the host shear zone. The occurrence of these and other structures in clay-rich fault gouges from exceptionally well-exposed fault zones in southeastern Spain is described. The pervasive development of these flow structures throughout large volumes of fault gouge permits fault-displacement vectors to be inferred. For the region studied the movement pictures is relatively simple and is superposed on a complex network of variably oriented fault zones. The naturally produced fault-gouge structures are compared with fault gouges produced experimentally by shearing kaolinite-quartz mixtures between intact blocks over a wide range of experimental conditions. Good correspondence between their respective microstructural features was observed. Finally, attention is drawn to the fact that natural clay-bearing fault gouges are the products of deformation accompanied by very low-grade retrogressive metamorphism, and that part of the micro-structure of these rocks may be ascribed to crystallization under stress. Microstructures are described that are from long-duration experimental runs, (5 months at high temperature and in the presence of water) which go some way towards simulating these effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00875717
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microstructure and cleavage development in selected slates (1978)
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 66 (1978), S. 165-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A detailed microstructural study of three slates by high voltage transmission electron microscopy is reported. The slates are mineralogically similar, come from minor fold cores and exhibit differing degrees of cleavage intensity. All three slates have domains of orientated phyllosilicates (cleavage lamellae) which contain only a low percentage of quartz and carbonate. Between these lamellae are lenticular domains which contain deformed phyllosilicates and which are enriched in secondary minerals. The initiation of cleavage lamellae can be clearly observed in electron micrographs from one of the slates studied. It occurs along zones of intense deformation, viz. along kinks and microfolds, which form from initial crenulations that are difficult to detect in a petrological microscope. The important observed re-orientation mechanisms of the phyllosilicates during cleavage development in the three slates are strain induced crystallization and the growth of metamorphically stable phyllosilicates together with mechanical rotation. Microstructural evidence suggests that the cleavage lamellae once initiated can extend laterally into the lenticular domains as deformation proceeds. Interference between adjacent phyllosilicates during deformation is commonly observed and resultant extension sites are often enriched in secondary minerals. Chlorite rich pods occur in all of the slates studied and have complex microstructures consisting of both deformed and undeformed phyllosilicates. It is concluded that these pods may form after cleavage initiation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00372155
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of dynamic recrystallization on the importance of grain-boundary sliding during creep (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 24 (1989), S. 154-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract During creep of polycrystalline materials at elevated temperatures, a certain amount of the strain is accommodated by grain-boundary sliding (GBS). The relative importance of GBS depends on the stress and grain size and sometimes temperature. During high-strain deformation, dynamic recrystallization often occurs with the resultant grain size only related to the stress. In this situation the importance of GBS is then dependent only upon stress and sometimes temperature. In dynamically recrystallized Magnox Al80 deformed atT〉0.8T m, 16 to 23% of the imposed strain is accommodated by GBS. A comparison has been made between the experimental results and some theoretical models for the importance of GBS during creep, modified to take account of recrystallization. The best fit to the data is obtained with the modified form of Langdons model. Deformation mechanism maps constructed with this model suggest that dynamic recrystallization can cause a switch of mechanism from dislocation creep to dominant GBS at intermediate temperature (T〈673 K) and low stress. Deformation mechanism maps have also been constructed for calcite based on the data of Schmidet al. These suggest that GBS is an important mechanism in calcite deformed under geological conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00660947
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  • 10
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    Unknown
    Mylonites: lessons from Eriboll (2010)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 335: 505-542.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-06-21
    Description: Eriboll has been an important area in understanding the geology and structure of the NW Highlands of Scotland. It came to prominence during the Highland Controversy between Nicol and Murchison in the 1850s. Nicol recognized a major regional, or grand, dislocation (the Moine Thrust Zone) at Eriboll whereas Murchison denied its existence. An important element in the resolution of the controversy was the repeated observation of a distinctive schistose rock that often marked Nicol's dislocation. Lapworth named it a mylonite' and related its development to mechanical metamorphism resulting from tectonic (milling) movements along the dislocation. Peach, Horne and co-workers, whose contributions to early mylonite studies are often overlooked, described the effects of increasing strain on mylonite development, recorded the prominent lineation within mylonites and identified its kinematic significance via thrust geometries and a first use of shear sense indicators. In this contribution those elements of the Highland Controversy that led to the identification of mylonites will be reviewed, concentrating on the contributions of Lapworth and of Peach, Horne and co-workers. It will include an examination and discussion of the mylonites from Lapworth's locality and of the mylonitized Moine schists at Eriboll. It will conclude with comments on mylonite classification and nomenclature.
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