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  • 1
    ISSN: 1438-1168
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Gruppe von trichterförmigen, gabbroiden Plutonen von Black Hill, Südaustralien, setzt sich aus einer unteren Serie von geschichteten Peridotiten, Troktoliten and Olivin-Gabbro-Kumulaten, die von Gabbro-Noriten und potassischen Gabbros überlagert werden, zusammen; letzgenannte Gesteine ergaben ein Sm-Nd Isochronenalter von 489 ± 39 Ma. Die Mineralzusammensetzungen der Gabbros belegen eine Mischungslücke bei Olivin (Fo75-55). Die Gesteine folgen einem kontinentalen, tholeiitischen Fraktionierungstrend und kristallisierten bei hohen Temperaturen (1200-1000°C), unter niedrigem Druck (≈ 1 kbar) and moderatem fo2 (≈ QFM). Wiederholte Magmenzufuhr und Krustenassimilation sind weitere zu beriicksichtigende, komplexe Prozesse, die sich in einem offenen System abspielten. Feinkörnige Norite von einem der Plutone könnten durch Assimilationsprozesse - she äußern sich in einer Erhöhung desa SiO2 liquid liquid - entstanden sein. In diesen Gesteinen kristallisierte Orthopyroxen vor Plagioklas. Alle Gabbros, einschließich der primitivsten Peridotite, sind an LREE und inkompatiblen Elementen angereichert. Die berechnete Zusammensetzung des Ausgangsmagmas, das im Gleichgewicht mit dem primitivsten Troktolit steht, weist hohe La/Yb, La/Nb, Ti/Y and niedrige Rb/Ba auf. Basaltische Dykes, die die Gabbros durchsetzen zeigen ähnliche Elementverhältnisse. Derartige Zusammensetzungen sind untypisch für astenosphärische Schmelzen und belegen, daß die Anreicherung an inkompatiblen Elementen nicht einfach nur mit geringen Aufschmelzungsraten zu erklären ist. Auf Grund der Isotopendaten (εNdi 3.4 to -4.6,87Sr/86 Sri 0.7038–0.7065) kann these Anreicherung auch nicht leicht mit Krustenkontamination erklärt werden. Vielmehr wird eine angereicherte, lithosphärische Mantelquelle vermutet. Publizierte Daten an Mantelxenolithen von tertiären Vulkanen zeigen sehr ähnliche isotopische und geochemische Zusammensetzungen and belegen these Hypothese. Gemeinsam mit A-Typ Graniten und untergeordnet, vorkommenden, vulkanischen Gesteinen sind die Gabbros Teil einer hochtemperierten bimodalen, magmatischen Serie, die den Adelaide Fold Belt postdeformativ, während der kambro-ordovizischen delamerischen Orogenese, intrudierten. Das Vorkommen solcher Magmen ist problematisch, da die Präsenz dicker, orogen gebildeter Lithosphäre die Möglichkeit der Dekompressions-Aufschmelzung der Astenosphäre stark vermindert. Eine mögliche Lösung dieses Dilemmas ist, daß konvektives Ausdünnen des lithosphärischen Mantels unterhalb der Orogenzone das Aufschmelzen von hydratisierten, angereicherten Regionen innerhalb der Lithosphäre förderte. Dieses Modell bringt die Beobachtungen, daß die Gabbros einerseits eine lithosphärische Signatur zeigen, andererseits aber während der Hebungsphase und am Ende des Deformationsgeschehens intrudierten, in Einklang.
    Notes: Summary A group of funnel-shaped gabbroic plutons at Black Hill, South Australia, consist of a lower series of layered peridotite, troctolite and olivine gabbro cumulates overlain by gabbronorites and potassic gabbronorites, the latter yielding a Sm-Nd isochron of 489 ± 39 Ma. Mineral assemblages in the gabbros record an olivine compositional hiatus (Fo75-55) and a high temperature (1200-1000°C), low pressure (∼1 kbar), continental tholeiitic fractionation trend under moderate fO 2 (∼QFM) conditions. The liquid line of descent involved complex open system processes including recharge and crustal assimilation. In one pluton, fine-grained norites may reflect assimilation which resulted in an increaseda SiO2 liquid causing orthopyroxene to crystallize prior to plagioclase. All the gabbros, including the most primitive peridotites, are LREE and incompatible element enriched. Moreover, the calculated parental magma composition in equilibrium with the most primitive troctolite has high La/Yb, La/Nb, Ti/Y and low Rb/Ba, similar to that of basaltic dykes which cut the gabbroic complex. Such compositions are untypical of melts derived from the asthenosphere suggesting that the incompatible element enrichment is not simply due to small degrees of melting. Given the isotopic constraints (εNdi 3.4 to −4.6,87Sr/86Sri 0.7038-0.7065), this enrichment is not easily reconciled by crustal contamination either, and instead it is inferred to reflect an enriched lithospheric mantle source. Published data on mantle xenoliths from local Tertiary volcanoes overlap the isotopic and geochemical array of the gabbros and dykes, supporting this hypothesis. In conjunction with A-type granites and minor volcanic rocks, the gabbroic plutons form part of a high temperature, bimodal magmatic suite which intruded the Adelaide fold belt just after the cessation of convergent deformation during the Cambro-Ordovician Delamerian Orogeny. The appearance of such magmas is problematic since thick orogenic lithosphere severely restricts the likelihood of decompression melting in the asthenosphere. One solution to this dilemma is that convective thinning of the lithospheric mantle beneath the orogen promoted melting of hydrated, enriched regions within the lithospheric mantle. Such a model can reconcile the strong lithospheric mantle signature in the gabbros with the observation that their intrusion was coincident with uplift and the cessation of deformation.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 28 (1993), S. 3969-3976 
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Composites of commercial-purity titanium reinforced with 10 and 20 vol % of SiC and TiB2 particulates were produced by powder blending and extrusion. Heat treatments were conducted on each of these composites. The thermal diffusivities of the composites were measured as a function of temperature using the laser flash technique. Thermal conductivities were inferred from these measurements, using a rule-of-mixtures assumption for the specific heats. It has been shown that, while an enhancement of the thermal conductivity is expected to arise from the presence of both types of reinforcement, this behaviour is in fact observed only with the Ti-TiB2 composites. The thermal conductivity of Ti-TiB2 composites is significantly greater than that of the unreinforced matrix and rises with increasing volume fraction of reinforcement. In contrast, the conductivities of the Ti-SiC composites were considerably lower than that of the unreinforced titanium and decreased with increasing volume fraction of SiC reinforcement. These results have been interpreted in terms of the thermal resistance of the reaction layers which exist between the matrix and two types of particulate reinforcements. The faster reaction kinetics between SiC and Ti gives rise to a thicker reaction layer for a given heat treatment than that between Ti and TiB2 and is also accompanied by a much larger volume change (− 4.6%). It is proposed that this volume decrease, giving rise to interfacial damage and a network of microcracks, is at least partly responsible for a high interfacial thermal resistance, reducing the conductivity of the Ti-SiC composite. These results indicate that TiB2 would be preferable to SiC as a reinforcement in Ti for situations where a high thermal conductivity would be beneficial.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 17 (1996), S. 239-252 
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: metal matrix composites ; thermal conductivity ; titanium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Thermal conductivity data are presented for titanium-based composites reinforced with 10 and 20%, by volume, of SiC and TiB2 particles and for a composite reinforced by 10%, by volume, of SiC short fibers. In each case the thermal conductivity of titanium would be expected to be enhanced by the presence of the reinforcement. Measurements were made on the composites both as fabricated and after heat treatment. The results clearly show that the thermal conductivity of the Ti-SiC is much lower than predicted and decreases still further after heat treatment. This is attributed to the production of an interfacial contact resistance as a result of crack generation in the reaction products. A smaller effect is noted in the Ti-TiB2 composites.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2008-08-26
    Description: Uranium-series isotopes provide important constraints on the timescale of magma differentiation and this can be used to identify where in the crust and silicic magmas acquire their geochemical characteristics. Timescales of differentiation can be inferred from the observed co-variations of U-series disequilibria with differentiation indexes. When crustal assimilation of secular equilibrium material is involved, inferred timescales will generally decrease. In turn, they will increase if periodical recharge (〉20 wt% relative volume) of the magma body occurs. If crustal assimilation and magma recharge occur concurrently, inferred timescales for differentiation can be similar to that of closed system differentiation. We illustrate the approach with data from Mount St Helens which suggest that dacitic compositions are produced in c. 2000 years. Combining this with recent evidence for an important role for amphibole fractionation suggests that differentiation of a c. 10 km3 magma body at this volcanic centre occurs at 8-10 km depth in the crust.
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 1999-02-16
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 1993-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-2461
    Electronic ISSN: 1573-4803
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Published by Springer
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2013-03-22
    Description: Oxygen isotope ratios of olivine have become a widely used tool for the study of magmatic systems, especially in the interpretation of source heterogeneities in mantle plume–derived ocean island basalts. The underlying assumption is that fresh minerals provide a better guide to magma 18 O than bulk rock analyses and that olivine is also likely to be a major phenocryst phase in primitive magmas. However, distinctions between source compositions and the effects of subsequent magma evolution have not always been thoroughly scrutinized. For the Azores samples investigated here, we can demonstrate that the 18 O variation (+4.84 to +5.25 Vienna standard mean ocean water) observed in the olivine phenocryst population is closely linked to evolution in the host magmas during ascent to the surface. We observe a linear, positive correlation between forsterite (Fo) content and 18 O in all of the individual island lava suites. This forces us to conclude that the low oxygen isotope ratios result from combined assimilation and fractional crystallization processes, the assimilant being hydrothermally (temperature 〉 250 °C) altered, lower oceanic crust. Linear regression of the measured 18 O olivine values to Fo 89 suggests a homogeneous mantle source with 18 O = +5.2 ± 0.1.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
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  • 8
  • 9
    Publication Date: 2015-02-11
    Description: The discovery of ultrafast X-ray induced optical reflectivity changes enabled the development of X-ray/optical cross correlation techniques at X-ray free electron lasers worldwide. We have now linked through experiment and theory the fundamental excitation and relaxation steps with the transient optical properties in finite solid samples. Therefore, we gain a thorough interpretation and an optimized detection scheme of X-ray induced changes to the refractive index and the X-ray/optical cross correlation response.
    Print ISSN: 0003-6951
    Electronic ISSN: 1077-3118
    Topics: Physics
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2012-07-19
    Description: The islands of Flores and Corvo in the Azores archipelago are the only two of nine subaerial volcanic edifices lying west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). This makes them important for constraining the evolution of this young (〈40 Ma) oceanic plateau. The alkalic basalt suites from Flores and Corvo lie on a single liquid line of descent. Ankaramitic cumulates, with MgO contents up to ~18 wt %, result from clinopyroxene-dominated polybaric crystallization. The parental magmas (MgO ~ 11 wt %) are inferred to be low-degree partial melts ( F = 3–5%) of enriched peridotite generated at depths of ~80–90 km. These primary magmas commenced crystallizing at the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary and this continued in conduits over a pressure range of ~0·6–1·2 GPa. Only lavas with MgO 〈 3 wt % fractionated at shallow crustal levels. Nd and Sr isotope data reveal variations in the source of both magmatic systems, suggesting variable contributions from both enriched (E-) and depleted (D-) mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB)-source mantle components. This is supported by the greater variability of incompatible trace-element ratios within the Flores lavas (e.g. Ba/Nd, La/Sm, Th/Nd), whereas those from Corvo exhibit a good correlation between key trace-element ratios [e.g. (La/Sm) N , Th/Nd] and Sr isotope ratios. Lavas from Flores display a greater variability in Sr and Nd isotope compositions and define a mixing array between an E-MORB source and a common Azores mantle source. The latter signature is restricted to lava suites from the north and east of Flores. We concur with the generally accepted notion that Flores and Corvo are derived from the same mantle plume as is responsible for the eastern Azores islands. However, there is evidence (different Nb/Zr, Ta/Hf and La/Sm, but homogeneous Sr and Nd isotopic composition) that these two islands are dominated by a source component that is not as evident in the eastern archipelago.
    Print ISSN: 0022-3530
    Electronic ISSN: 1460-2415
    Topics: Geosciences
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