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  • 1
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    The global forest above-ground biomass pool for 2010 estimated from high-resolution satellite observations (2021)
    In:  Earth System Science Data
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-02-15
    Description: The terrestrial forest carbon pool is poorly quantified, in particular in regions with low forest inventory capacity. By combining multiple satellite observations of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter around the year 2010, we generated a global, spatially explicit dataset of above-ground live biomass (AGB; dry mass) stored in forests with a spatial resolution of 1 ha. Using an extensive database of 110 897 AGB measurements from field inventory plots, we show that the spatial patterns and magnitude of AGB are well captured in our map with the exception of regional uncertainties in high-carbon-stock forests with AGB 〉250 Mg ha−1, where the retrieval was effectively based on a single radar observation. With a total global AGB of 522 Pg, our estimate of the terrestrial biomass pool in forests is lower than most estimates published in the literature (426–571 Pg). Nonetheless, our dataset increases knowledge on the spatial distribution of AGB compared to the Global Forest Resources Assessment (FRA) by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and highlights the impact of a country's national inventory capacity on the accuracy of the biomass statistics reported to the FRA. We also reassessed previous remote sensing AGB maps and identified major biases compared to inventory data, up to 120 % of the inventory value in dry tropical forests, in the subtropics and temperate zone. Because of the high level of detail and the overall reliability of the AGB spatial patterns, our global dataset of AGB is likely to have significant impacts on climate, carbon, and socio-economic modelling schemes and provides a crucial baseline in future carbon stock change estimates. The dataset is available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.894711 (Santoro, 2018).
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development of a two-equation heat transfer model based on direct simulations of turbulent flows with different Prandtl numbers (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 8 (1996), S. 3379-3402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Low-Reynolds-number type k−cursive-epsilon and kt−cursive-epsilont models have been constructed with the aid of direct numerical simulation (DNS) databases. The proposed models incorporate new velocity and time scales to represent various sizes of eddies in velocity and thermal fields with different Prandtl numbers. The validity of the present k−cursive-epsilon model was tested by application to basic and complex flows such as flows with injection and suction, flows with strong adverse and favorable pressure gradients, and flows with separation and reattachment, while comparing the relevant DNS and reliable experimental data. Fundamental properties of the proposed kt−cursive-epsilont model were first verified in basic flows under arbitrary wall thermal boundary conditions and next in backward-facing step flows at various Prandtl numbers through a comparison of the predictions with the DNS and measurements. These comparisons have proven that the proposed models for both velocity and thermal fields have wide applicability to science and engineering and have sufficient capability to perform highly stable computations at any Prandtl numbers, irrespective of flow configurations. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.869124
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A high-current density and long lifetime ECR source for oxygen implanters : International conference on ion sources (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 61 (1990), S. 253-255 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A high-current ECR source has been developed for oxygen implanters for use in fabricating separation by implanted oxygen (SIMOX) substrates. The new source has the following features: (1) high-current density (150 mA/cm2) and large extracted current (more than 200 mA), (2) stable and long lifetime operation (more than 200 h), (3) high O+ ratio (more than 80%), and (4) low-divergence beam. The improved performance is obtained by incorporating the following: (1) Localized high-density plasma generation at the center of the plasma chamber. (2) A newly developed multilayer window to satisfy two requirements: efficient coupling of the microwave with high-density plasma and high resistance to high-speed backstream electrons. (3) Optimized combination of plasma chamber length and axial magnetic field distribution. (4) Sophisticated compact magnetic circuit that yields the optimum magnetic field for obtaining high-density plasma. An industrial-version ECR source was developed for production use on EATON NV-200 implanters. The source was installed on an NV-200 and used to implant oxygen ions to Si wafers. Good performance compared to a duopigatron source was obtained in terms of beam transport efficiency and reliability of source operation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1141311
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of soft x-ray average recombination coefficient and average charge for metallic impurities in beam-heated plasmas (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2148-2150 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The soft x-ray continuum radiation in tokamak fusion test reactor (TFTR) low-density neutral-beam discharges can be much lower than its theoretical value obtained by assuming a corona equilibrium. This reduced continuum radiation is caused by an ionization equilibrium shift toward lower states, which strongly changes the value of the average recombination coefficient of metallic impurities γ¯, even for only slight changes in the average charge Z¯. The primary agent for this shift is the charge exchange between the highly ionized impurity ions and the neutral hydrogen, rather than impurity transport, because the central density of the neutral hydrogen is strongly enhanced at lower plasma densities with intense beam injection. In the extreme case of low-density, high neutral-beam power TFTR operation (energetic ion mode) the reduction in γ¯ can be as much as one-half to two-thirds. We calculate the parametric dependence of γ¯ and Z¯ for Ti, Cr, Fe, and Ni impurities on neutral density (equivalent to beam power), electron temperature, and electron density. These values are obtained by using either a one-dimensional impurity transport code or a zero-dimensional code with a finite particle confinement time. As an example, we show the variation of γ¯ and Z¯ in different TFTR discharges.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138712
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effective Kα x-ray excitation rates for plasma impurity measurements (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 57 (1986), S. 2151-2153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Metal impurity concentrations are measured by the pulse-height-analyzer (PHA) diagnostic from Kα x-ray peak intensities by use of an averaged excitation rate 〈σv〉. Low-Z impurity concentrations are inferred from the continuum enhancement (relative to a pure plasma) minus the enhancement due to metals. Since the PHA does not resolve lines from different charge states, 〈σv〉 is a weighted sum of rates; coronal equilibrium is usually assumed. The 〈σv〉 used earlier omitted the intercombination and forbidden lines from the dominant heliumlike state. The result was an overestimate of metals and an underestimate of low-Z impurities in cases where metals were significant. Improved values of 〈σv〉 using recent calculations for H-, He-, and Li-like Fe range from 10% to 50% larger than the earlier rates and yield metal concentrations in better agreement with those from vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectroscopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1138713
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High current ECR source for oxygen implantation: Life tests and comparison to duopigatron performance : International conference on ion sources (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 61 (1990), S. 294-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An ECR source has been built for production use on Eaton's NV200 oxygen implanter. It can be retrofitted in place of the duopigatron normally used on that machine. This article reports results of 200 continuous hours of operation of the source, producing 95 mA of O+ ions, on a special test stand which emulates the injector of the NV200. Currents up to 200 mA at 45 kV were briefly obtained on this stand, the upper limit being set by thermal capacity of the beam dump. The ECR source was installed on an NV200 and used to implant wafers at 200 keV. Its performance is compared to that of the duopigatron source under similar conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1141326
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-threshold surface-emitting laser diodes with distributed Bragg reflectors and current blocking layers (1990)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 57 (1990), S. 1289-1291 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: AlGaAs/GaAs surface-emitting laser diodes (SELDs) with distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) and current blocking layers are fabricated with the combination of a two-step epitaxial growth and the reactive ion beam etching (RIBE) technique. An Al0.1Ga0.9As/Al0.7Ga0.3As multilayer and an amorphous silicon (a-Si)/silicon dioxide (SiO2) multilayer are employed for the lower and upper mirrors, respectively. The active region has a 5×5 μm or 4 μm φ area and a 0.8 μm thickness. The minimum threshold current is 3.3 mA under pulsed condition and 4.1 mA under continuous wave (cw) operation at 12 °C with junction-side-up configuration. Stable single longitudinal mode is observed, and far-field pattern (FFP) indicates higher transverse mode operation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.104096
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GaAlAs laser diodes with metalorganic chemical vapor deposition grown ZnSe layer for injection blocking and optical confinement (1987)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 51 (1987), S. 877-879 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A transverse mode stabilized GaAlAs laser diode which includes a ZnSe layer for the waveguide has been developed. The double heterostructure of the GaAlAs laser is formed by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), and a ZnSe layer is grown by adduct-source MOCVD in order to block the injection current and change the real refractive index in the lateral direction. The fundamental transverse mode oscillation of more than 15 mW is obtained with a low threshold current of 28 mA and a high quantum efficiency of 76%. An output power as high as 25 mW is achieved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.98841
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Melting of albite at high pressures in the presence of water
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 6 (1969), S. 447-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 0012-821X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0012-821X(69)90114-9
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Paleomagnetic evidence of a drift of the Japanese main island during the paleogene period
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 5 (1968), S. 135-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 0012-821X
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(68)80028-7
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