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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Convection in an asymmetrically sourced Z pinch (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 8 (2001), S. 5151-5157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The convection of a magnetically confined plasma resulting from heat and particle sources is studied. It is assumed that the convection is low-level in that the system stays stable to ideal interchange instabilities. A Z-pinch plasma with asymmetric particle and heat sources is considered. It is found that there is no convection if there are no particle sources, independent of the distribution of the heat sources. Particle sources result in convection which in turn influences heat transport. The central temperature, however, may go up or down in response to this convection, depending on the distribution of the source function. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1413228
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exchange of greenhouse gases between soil and atmosphere: interactions of soil physical factors and biological processes (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 54 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: This review examines the interactions between soil physical factors and the biological processes responsible for the production and consumption in soils of greenhouse gases. The release of CO2 by aerobic respiration is a non-linear function of temperature over a wide range of soil water contents, but becomes a function of water content as a soil dries out. Some of the reported variation in the temperature response may be attributable simply to measurement procedures. Lowering the water table in organic soils by drainage increases the release of soil carbon as CO2 in some but not all environments, and reduces the quantity of CH4 emitted to the atmosphere. Ebullition and diffusion through the aerenchyma of rice and plants in natural wetlands both contribute substantially to the emission of CH4; the proportion of the emissions taking place by each pathway varies seasonally. Aerated soils are a sink for atmospheric CH4, through microbial oxidation. The main control on oxidation rate is gas diffusivity, and the temperature response is small. Nitrous oxide is the third greenhouse gas produced in soils, together with NO, a precursor of tropospheric ozone (a short-lived greenhouse gas). Emission of N2O increases markedly with increasing temperature, and this is attributed to increases in the anaerobic volume fraction, brought about by an increased respiratory sink for O2. Increases in water-filled pore space also result in increased anaerobic volume; again, the outcome is an exponential increase in N2O emission. The review draws substantially on sources from beyond the normal range of soil science literature, and is intended to promote integration of ideas, not only between soil biology and soil physics, but also over a wider range of interacting disciplines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1351-0754.2003.0567.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolic and Endocrine Actions of Interleukin-1. (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 594 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1749-6632
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb40481.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Calcineurin regulatory subunit is essential for virulence and mediates interactions with FKBP12–FK506 in Cryptococcus neoformans (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Molecular microbiology 39 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2958
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Calcineurin is a Ca2+–calmodulin-regulated protein phosphatase that is the target of the immunosuppressive drugs cyclosporin A and FK506. Calcineurin is a heterodimer composed of a catalytic A and a regulatory B subunit. In previous studies, the calcineurin A homologue was identified and shown to be required for growth at 37°C and hence for virulence of the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Here, we identify the gene encoding the calcineurin B regulatory subunit and demonstrate that calcineurin B is also required for growth at elevated temperature and virulence. We show that the FKR1-1 mutation, which confers dominant FK506 resistance, results from a 6 bp duplication generating a two-amino-acid insertion in the latch region of calcineurin B. This mutation was found to reduce FKBP12–FK506 binding to calcineurin both in vivo and in vitro. Molecular modelling based on the FKBP12–FK506–calcineurin crystal structure illustrates how this mutation perturbs drug interactions with the phosphatase target. In summary, our studies reveal a central role for calcineurin B in virulence and antifungal drug action in the human fungal pathogen C. neoformans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02295.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Theory and Simulation of Optical Banded Textures of Nematic Polymers during Shear Flow (1995)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 28 (1995), S. 8401-8405 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00128a059
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantifying the response of photosynthesis to changes in leaf nitrogen content and leaf mass per area in plants grown under atmospheric CO2 enrichment (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 22 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Previous modelling exercises and conceptual arguments have predicted that a reduction in biochemical capacity for photosynthesis (Aarea) at elevated CO2 may be compensated by an increase in mesophyll tissue growth if the total amount of photosynthetic machinery per unit leaf area is maintained (i.e. morphological upregulation). The model prediction was based on modelling photosynthesis as a function of leaf N per unit leaf area (Narea), where Narea = Nmass×LMA. Here, Nmass is percentage leaf N and is used to estimate biochemical capacity and LMA is leaf mass per unit leaf area and is an index of leaf morphology. To assess the relative importance of changes in biochemical capacity versus leaf morphology we need to control for multiple correlations that are known, or that are likely to exist between CO2 concentration, Narea, Nmass, LMA and Aarea. Although this is impractical experimentally, we can control for these correlations statistically using systems of linear multiple-regression equations. We developed a linear model to partition the response of Aarea to elevated CO2 into components representing the independent and interactive effects of changes in indexes of biochemical capacity, leaf morphology and CO2 limitation of photosynthesis. The model was fitted to data from three pine and seven deciduous tree species grown in separate chamber-based field experiments. Photosynthetic enhancement at elevated CO2 due to morphological upregulation was negligible for most species. The response of Aarea in these species was dominated by the reduction in CO2 limitation occurring at higher CO2 concentration. However, some species displayed a significant reduction in potential photosynthesis at elevated CO2 due to an increase in LMA that was independent of any changes in Narea. This morphologically based inhibition of Aarea combined additively with a reduction in biochemical capacity to significantly offset the direct enhancement of Aarea caused by reduced CO2 limitation in two species. This offset was 100% for Acer rubrum, resulting in no net effect of elevated CO2 on Aarea for this species, and 44% for Betula pendula. This analysis shows that interactions between biochemical and morphological responses to elevated CO2 can have important effects on photosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00489.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of elevated [CO2] on photosynthesis in European forest species: a meta-analysis of model parameters (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 22 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on growth of forest tree species are difficult to predict because practical limitations restrict experiments to much shorter than the average life-span of a tree. Long-term, process-based computer models must be used to extrapolate from shorter-term experiments. A key problem is to ensure a strong flow of information between experiments and models. In this study, meta-analysis techniques were used to summarize a suite of photosynthetic model parameters obtained from 15 field-based elevated [CO2] experiments on European forest tree species. The parameters studied are commonly used in modelling photosynthesis, and include observed light-saturated photosynthetic rates (Amax), the potential electron transport rate (Jmax), the maximum Rubisco activity (Vcmax) and leaf nitrogen concentration on mass (Nm) and area (Na) bases. Across all experiments, light-saturated photosynthesis was strongly stimulated by growth in elevated [CO2]. However, significant down-regulation of photosynthesis was also observed; when measured at the same CO2 concentration, photosynthesis was reduced by 10–20%. The underlying biochemistry of photosynthesis was affected, as shown by a down-regulation of the parameters Jmax and Vcmax of the order of 10%. This reduction in Jmax and Vcmax was linked to the effects of elevated [CO2] on leaf nitrogen concentration. It was concluded that the current model is adequate to model photosynthesis in elevated [CO2]. Tables of model parameter values for different European forest species are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00523.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon balance of young birch trees grown in ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 4 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: We constructed a carbon budget for young birch trees grown in ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations over their fourth year of growth. The annual total of net leaf photosynthesis was 110% more in elevated CO2 than in ambient CO2. However, the trees in elevated CO2 grew only 59% more biomass than the trees in ambient CO2 over the year. Modelling studies showed that larger loss of carbon from fine-root production and growth of the root-associated mycorrhiza by the trees in elevated CO2 probably accounted for all the remaining difference in net photosynthesis between the two treatments. Our modelling also showed that the fraction of net photosynthate consumed by respiration of nonleaf tissue was similar in the two CO2 treatments, and was 26% and 24% for trees in ambient and elevated CO2, respectively.Trees in elevated CO2 had 43% more leaves, and produced 110% more net photosynthate than trees in ambient CO2, even though the maximum rate of carboxylation per unit leaf nitrogen decreased by 21%. Sensitivity studies showed that down-regulation reduced the annual net photosynthetic production of the trees in elevated CO2 by only 6%. Direct effects of higher CO2 on photosynthesis and greater leaf area of the trees in elevated CO2 increased the net photosynthesis of the trees by 68% and 60%, respectively; and together accounted for most of the difference in net photosynthesis between the two treatments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00170.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of temperature and moisture on rates of carbon mineralization in a Mediterranean oak forest soil under controlled and field conditions (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of soil science 56 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: We examined the relationship between carbon mineralization (Cmin), moisture and temperature in a Mediterranean forest soil under controlled and field conditions. We studied the following. 1 The temperature sensitivity at three soil depths: soil samples were incubated at 4, 10, 20 and 30°C at optimal water content of 60% of water holding capacity (WHC). Values of Cmin of the top layer were more than 12 times faster than those measured in deeper layers. We found a temperature sensitivity factor (Q10) of 3.3, 2.7 and 2.2 for the 0–5 cm, 5–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers, respectively. 2 The relationship between Cmin, moisture and temperature (top layer). The sensitivity of Cmin to fluctuating moisture depended on temperature. However, the Q10 was not significantly affected by soil moisture. We fitted a multiple polynomial model that predicted Cmin as a multiplicative function of temperature and moisture (R2 〉 0.99). 3 The response of Cmin of soil to rewetting after 1 and 24 hours. In all cases, the response was rapid. The soil incubated at 60% WHC or less responded positively to a sudden increase in water content, with the largest increase in the 20% WHC treatment. The model predicted Cmin in the field well when rewetting effects were taken into account (R2 〉 0.81).These results indicate that sudden changes in soil moisture can lead to increased carbon mineralization during the dry summer. It is necessary to include such responses in models as they may represent a substantial loss of carbon in the overall carbon balance of Mediterranean ecosystems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00699.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The conductivity method in the study of enzyme reactions. Butyrylcholinesterase
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    BBA - Enzymology 227 (1971), S. 618-629 
    Details
    ISSN: 0005-2744
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0005-2744(71)90012-X
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