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1

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Selection of Rhizobium leguminosarum strains for lentil (Lens culinaris) under growth room and field conditions (1990)

Bremer, E. ; Kessel, C. ; Nelson, L. ; [et al.]

Springer

Plant and soil 121 (1990), S. 47-56

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: acetylene reduction ; grain yield ; N difference ; N2 fixation ; 15N-isotope dilution ; nodule ; Rhizobium ; selection parameters ; total N

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Most of the production of lentil (Lens culinaris) on the Great Plains occurs on soils that are free of indigenous Rhizobium leguminosarum. Inoculation is required to increase yields through N2 fixation. A screening program to evaluate the effectiveness of R. leguminosarum strains for lentil was initially carried out under controlled environments followed by an evaluation under field conditions. In two separate growth room experiments, the effectiveness of 185 and 24 different strains of R. leguminosarum were tested for Laird and Eston lentil. Significant differences between strains in number of nodules, shoot weight and nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction activity, ARA) were found for lentil grown for 5 weeks. When lentil were grown for 7 weeks, significant differences between strains in number of nodules, total plant weight, total N, and % N were observed. Fourteen strains plus Nitragin ‘C’ inoculant were selected for further field testing on Eston and Laird lentil at two locations in 1986 and one site in 1987. Inoculation increased yield up to 135%. Percent Ndfa and total N2 fixed ranged from 0 to 76 and 0 to 105 kg ha-1, respectively. N2-fixing activity was site specific and higher spring soil NO3-levels resulted in lower N2-fixing activity. Depending on site and growing conditions, strains 99A1 and I-ICAR-SYR-Le20 appeared to be superior to the other strains tested. A good agreement was found between the estimates for N2 fixation based upon the 15N-isotope dilution and the classical N difference methods. Number of nodules, dry weight of nodules and ARA of Eston and Laird lentil grown under growth room conditions failed to show positive correlations with total dry matter production, total N or total N2 fixed of field grown lentil. However, total plant weight and total N of lentil grown under growth room conditions were highly correlated with field parameters, and were the most reliable screening parameters for the selection of superior rhizobial strains.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00013096

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Nitrogen fixation (15N dilution) with soybeans under Thai field conditions (1988)

Kucey, R. M. N. ; Snitwongse, P. ; Chaiwanakupt, P. ; [et al.]

Springer

Plant and soil 108 (1988), S. 33-41

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain ; N2 fixation ; 15N dilution ; nodule ; soybean

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Controlled environment and field studies were conducted to determine relationships between various measurements of N2 fixation using soybeans and to use these measures to evaluate a number ofBradyrhizobium japonicum strains for effectiveness in N2 fixation in Thai soils.15N dilution measurements of N2 fixation showed levels of fixation ranging from 32 to 161 kg N ha−1 depending on bacterial strain, host cultivar and location. Midseason measures of N2 fixation were correlated with each other, but not related measures taken at maturity. Ranking ofB. japonicum strains based on performance under controlled conditions in N-free media were highly correlated with rankings based on soybean seed yields and N2 fixation under field conditions. This study showed that inoculation of soybeans with effectiveB. japonicum strains can result in significant increases in yield and uptake of N through fixation. The most effective strains tested for use in Thai conditions were those isolated from Thai soils; however, effective strains from other locations were also of benefit.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370097

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3

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Dinitrogen fixation (C2H2 reduction) by bacterial strains at various temperatures (1987)

Jain, D. K. ; Beyer, D. ; Rennie, R. J.

Springer

Plant and soil 103 (1987), S. 233-237

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: acetylene-reducing activity ; azospirillum ; azotobacter ; bacillus ; enterobacter

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Acetylene-reducing activities (ARA) of strains ofEnterobacter agglomerans, Azospirillum brasilense, Azotobacter chroococcum, and Bacillus, isolated from temperate or tropical soils, were compared at different temperatures to study temperature adaptability. All Enterobacter strains and Bacillus strain C-11-25 reduced C2H2 at temperatures as low as 5°C. ARA by Enterobacter strains declined sharply above 30°C but ARA by Bacillus strain C-11-25 continued to increase with an increase in temperature.A. brasilense strain sp 245, isolated from wheat roots in Brazil, reduced more C2H2 at lower temperatures than strain Cd, isolated from a Californian soil. Similarly, the temperate strain ofA. chroococcum was a better N2 fixer than the tropicalA. chroococcum strain at lower temperatures. Tropical strains ofA. brasilense andA. chroococcum reduced more C2H2 than temperate strains at higher temperatures. Therefore, it appears that temperate and tropical N2-fixing organisms adapt themselves to their particular environment and should have more potential to benefit crops grown at the particular temperatures favorable to them. Only Bacillus strain C-11-25 has potential to benefit both temperate and tropical crops because it reduced significant acetylene over a wide temperature range.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370394

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4

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N2 fixation in Thai soybeans: Effect of tillage and inoculation on15N-determined N2 fixation in recommended cultivars and advanced breeding lines (1988)

Rennie, R. J. ; Rennie, D. A. ; Siripaibool, C. ; [et al.]

Springer

Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 183-193

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: 15N isotope dilution ; Bradyrhizobium japonicum ; Glycine max

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract The practice of seeding soybeans following paddy rice in Thailand has encountered difficulties in seedling germination, nodulation and crop establishment. This research project evaluated the choice of a non-fixing control to quantify N2 fixation by15N isotope dilution, and the effect of tillage regime, soybean cultivar, strain ofBradyrhizobium japonicum and P fertilization on yield and N2 fixation after paddy rice in northern and central Thailand. Japanese non-nodulating lines Tol-0 and A62-2 were the most appropriatecontrol plants for15N isotope dilution for Thai soybeans in these soils which contained indigenous rhizobia. Cereals such as maize, sorghum and barley were also appropriate controls at some sites. The choice of the appropriate non-fixing control plant for the15N isotope dilution technique remains a dilemma and no alternative exists other than to use several possible controls with each experiment. Acetylene reduction assay (ARA) proved of little value for screening varieties on their N2 fixing capacity. The recommended Thai soybean cultivars (SJ1, 2, 4, 5) and an advanced line 16–4 differed little in their ability to support N2 fixation or yield, possibly due to similar breeding ancestry. The ten AVRDC (ASET) lines showed considerable genotypic control in their ability to utilize their three available N sources (soil, fertilizer, atmosphere) and to translate them into yields. None of these lines were consistently superior to Thai cultivars SJ4 or SJ5 although ASET lines 129, 209 and 217 showed considerable promise. Neither recommended Thai or ASET cultivars were affected by tillage regime. Zero tillage resulted in superior N2 fixation and yield at two sites but conventional tillage was superior at another site. Soybean cultivars grown in Thailand were well adapted to zero tillage. Levels of N2 fixation were similar to world figures, averaging more than 100 kg N ha−1 and supplying over 50% of the plant's N yield. However, seed yields seldom exceeded 2 t ha−1, well below yields for temperately-grown soybeans. It is not clear why Thai soybeans support N2 fixation, but do not translate this into higher seed yields.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02139994

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5

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15N-Determined effect of inoculation with N2 fixing bacteria on nitrogen assimilation in Western Canadian wheats (1987)

Rennie, R. J. ; Thomas, J. B.

Springer

Plant and soil 100 (1987), S. 213-223

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: Azospirillum ; Bacillus ; N2 fixation ; 15N isotope dilution

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary A two-year field study was undertaken using15N isotope techniques to differentiate between stimulation of N uptake and N2 fixation in Western Canadian cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend Thell) and durum (T. turgidum L. emend Bowden) in response to inoculation with N2-fixing bacteria. Bacterial inoculation either had no effect or lowered the % N derived from the fertilizer and the fertilizer use efficiency. Despite the depression of fertilizer uptake, inoculants did not alter the relative uptake from soil and fertilizer-N pools indicating that bacterial inoculation did not alter rooting patterns. Nitrogen-15 isotope dilution indicated that N2 fixation did occur. In 1984, % plant N derived from the atmosphere (% Ndfa) due to inoculation with Bacillus C-11-25 averaged 23.9% while that withAzospirillum brasilense ATCC 29729 (Cd) averaged 15.5%. In 1985, higher soil N levels reduced these values by approximately one-half. Cultivar x inoculant interactions, while significant, were not consistent across years. However, these interactions did not affect cultivars ‘Cadet’ and ‘Rescue’. In agreement with previous results, ‘Cadet’ performed well with all inoculants in both years while ‘Rescue’ performed poorly. Among 1984 treatments, the N increament in inoculated plants was positively correlated with % Ndfa but no such correlation existed in 1985. N2 fixation averaged over all cultivars and strains was 17.9 and 6.7 kg N fixed ha−1 in 1984 and 1985, respectively. Highest rates of N2 fixation were estimated at 52.4 kg N ha−1 for ‘Cadet’ in 1984 and 31.3 kg N ha−1 for ‘Owens’ in 1985, both inoculated with Bacillus C-11-25, an isolate from southern Alberta soils. Inoculation with either ofAzospirillum brasilense strain Cd (ATCC29729) or 245 did not result in as consistent or as high N2 fixation, suggesting that these wheats had not evolved genetic compatability with this exogenous microorganism. These agronomically significant amounts of N2 fixation occurred under optimally controlled experimental conditions in the field. It is yet to be determined if N2 fixation would occur in response to bacterial inoculation under dryland conditions commonly occurring in Western Canada.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370942

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6

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Selection ofRhizobium leguminosarum strains for lentil (Lens culinaris) under growth room and field conditions (1990)

Bremer, E. ; Kessel, C. ; Nelson, L. ; [et al.]

Springer

Plant and soil 122 (1990), S. 47-56

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ISSN: 1573-5036

Keywords: acetylene reduction ; grain yield ; N difference ; N2 fixation ; 15N-isotope dilution ; nodule ; Rhizobium ; selection parameters ; total N

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Abstract Most of the production of lentil (Lens culinaris) on the Great Plains occurs on soils that are free of indigenousRhizobium leguminosarum. Inoculation is required to increase yields through N2 fixation. A screening program to evaluate the effectiveness ofR. leguminosarum strains for lentil was initially carried out under controlled environments followed by an evaluation under field conditions. In two separate growth room experiments, the effectiveness of 185 and 24 different strains ofR. leguminosarum were tested for Laird and Eston lentil. Significant differences between strains in number of nodules, shoot weight and nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction activity, ARA) were found for lentil grown for 5 weeks. When lentil were grown for 7 weeks, significant differences between strains in number of nodules, total plant weight, total N, and % N were observed. Fourteen strains plus Nitragin ‘C’ inoculant were selected for further field testing on Eston and Laird lentil at two locations in 1986 and one site in 1987. Inoculation increased yield up to 135%. Percent Ndfa and total N2 fixed ranged from 0 to 76 and 0 to 105 kg ha-1, respectively. N2-fixing activity was site specific and higher spring soil NO3-levels resulted in lower N2-fixing activity. Depending on site and growing conditions, strains 99A1 and I-ICAR-SYR-Le20 appeared to be superior to the other strains tested. A good agreement was found between the estimates for N2 fixation based upon the15N-isotope dilution and the classical N difference methods. Number of nodules, dry weight of nodules and ARA of Eston and Laird lentil grown under growth room conditions failed to show positive correlations with total dry matter production, total N or total N2 fixed of field grown lentil. However, total plant weight and total N of lentil grown under growth room conditions were highly correlated with field parameters, and were the most reliable screening parameters for the selection of superior rhizobial strains.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02444103

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7

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Selection for dinitrogen-fixing ability in Phaseolus vulgaris L. at two low-temperature regimes (1981)

Rennie, R. J. ; Kemp, G. A.

Springer

Euphytica 30 (1981), S. 87-95

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ISSN: 1573-5060

Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris ; common beans ; Rhizobium phaseoli ; dinitrogen fixation ; low-temperature tolerance ; inoculation

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition

Notes: Summary Eleven cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris L., inoculated with a commercial inoculum of Rhizobium phaseoli, were grown in a nitrogen-free medium in the phytotron at two temperature regimes corresponding to mid-May or early June seedings. Cultivars differed in their abilities to support dinitrogen fixation under the two temperature regimes. Early June seedings fixed more dinitrogen than mid-May ones when grown for the same growth period. The amount of dinitrogen fixed was correlated with leaf area and leaf and shoot weight. It is proposed that the relationship between dinitrogen fixation and these quantitative yield characters may help bean breeders in selecting plants with superior dinitrogen-fixing abilities.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00033663

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