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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prediction of Vegetation Succession in Human-Disturbed Habitats Using an Expert System (1999)
    Boston, MA, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Restoration ecology 7 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1526-100X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Detailed information, both quantitative and observational, on the course of vegetation succession in various human-disturbed habitats in Central Europe was used to construct an expert system named SUCCESS. Using the system, it is possible to predict tentatively the sequence of seral stages and dominant species exchange in successional seres initiated on bare ground and lasting up to 50 years. Simple information on geographical position, type of substratum, relief, moisture, nutrient content, character of surrounding vegetation, and size of the disturbed area is taken into consideration to predict site-specific succession in the particular habitats. The expert system is supposed to help landscape managers, nature conservationists, and environmental impact assessment experts in decision-making procedures to take into account the development of vegetation in man-made sites. Moreover, it also summarizes scientific information on the pattern of vegetation change in human-disturbed habitats in the geographical area considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.1999.07102.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spontaneous Establishment of Woody Plants in Central European Derelict Sites and their Potential for Reclamation (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Restoration ecology 2 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1526-100X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The performance of woody plants was analyzed in 15 successional seres starting at bare ground in central European manmade habitats. The total cover of woody species after 10 years of succession was significantly related neither to initial soil moisture nor to nitrogen (expressed using Ellenberg indicator values). But the comparison of seres indicates that establishment of woody plants was easier under moderate environmental conditions and retarded in extreme habitats (dry, nutrient-poor, or acid). The arrival of the first woody plants was delayed in dry sites. No significant differences were found between primary and secondary seres, either with respect to the total cover of woody plants reached after 10 years of succession or considering the time of their arrival. In total, 24 woody species (10 shrubs and 14 trees) appeared in the series investigated. Their successional performance (in terms of the number of seres in which the species occurred and maximum cover reached in any sere) was not related to species traits (life strategy, type of mycorrhizae, mode of dispersal, diaspore weight), except for the regeneration strategy, species with seasonal regeneration by seeds were capable of creating higher cover. Betula pendula (European birch) was the most successful species in spontaneous succession, especially on moist sites. Practical suggestions for the management of particular habitats (sites disturbed by mining, sites reclaimed after acid rain deforestation, urban sites, abandoned fields) are provided regarding the establishment of woody plants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-100X.1994.tb00066.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Niche-based modelling as a tool for predicting the risk of alien plant invasions at a global scale (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 11 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Predicting the probability of successful establishment of plant species by matching climatic variables has considerable potential for incorporation in early warning systems for the management of biological invasions. We select South Africa as a model source area of invasions worldwide because it is an important exporter of plant species to other parts of the world because of the huge international demand for indigenous flora from this biodiversity hotspot. We first mapped the five ecoregions that occur both in South Africa and other parts of the world, but the very coarse definition of the ecoregions led to unreliable results in terms of predicting invasible areas. We then determined the bioclimatic features of South Africa's major terrestrial biomes and projected the potential distribution of analogous areas throughout the world. This approach is much more powerful, but depends strongly on how particular biomes are defined in donor countries. Finally, we developed bioclimatic niche models for 96 plant taxa (species and subspecies) endemic to South Africa and invasive elsewhere, and projected these globally after successfully evaluating model projections specifically for three well-known invasive species (Carpobrotus edulis, Senecio glastifolius, Vellereophyton dealbatum) in different target areas. Cumulative probabilities of climatic suitability show that high-risk regions are spatially limited globally but that these closely match hotspots of plant biodiversity. These probabilities are significantly correlated with the number of recorded invasive species from South Africa in natural areas, emphasizing the pivotal role of climate in defining invasion potential. Accounting for potential transfer vectors (trade and tourism) significantly adds to the explanatory power of climate suitability as an index of invasibility.The close match that we found between the climatic component of the ecological habitat suitability and the current pattern of occurrence of South Africa alien species in other parts of the world is encouraging. If species' distribution data in the donor country are available, climatic niche modelling offers a powerful tool for efficient and unbiased first-step screening. Given that eradication of an established invasive species is extremely difficult and expensive, areas identified as potential new sites should be monitored and quarantine measures should be adopted.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001018.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Veränderungen der Vegetation durch experimentelle Erdgasbehandlung (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Weed research 29 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3180
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Die Veränderungen der Vegetation, die durch experimentelle Erdgasbehandlung hervorgerufen wurden, sind in den Jahren 1978–84 in Mittelböhmen untersucht worden. Das verwendete Erdgas enthielt 93,8% Methan, 3,6%Äthan, 0,8% Propan, 0,25% Butan, 0,3% Kohlendioxid. Die getesteten Kulturpflanzen wurden auf Parzellen von 60·5 m angebaut, bei denen das Erdgas durch unterirdische Sonden in den Boden eingebracht wurde. Darüber hinaus wurden die Reaktionen der Unkrautarten untersucht.Die Wirkungen auf der Populationsebene bestanden in Wachstumshemmung und Verminderung der Individuenzahl bei den meisten Arten. Bei Medicago sativa, Brassica oleracea var. acephala, Secale cereale, Lolium multiflorum, Beta vulgaris und Zea mays wurden Farbveränderungen beobachtet. Auffällige phänologische Veränderungen wurden bei Solanum tuberasum, Helianthus annuus and Zea mays festgestellt (Verzögerung des Austreibens und des Blühbeginns), Für einen typischen Effekt des Erdgases kann eingeschränkte oder sogar fehlende Reprodutionsfähigkeit angesehen werden, was besonders für Allium cepa, Triticum aestirum, Hordeum distichon, Trifolium sp. div., Medicago sativa und die meisten Unkrautarten gilt. Oftentstanden verschiedene Organdeformationen (Solanum tuberosum, Beta vulgaris).Einzelpflanzen von Chenopodium album und Medicago sativa, die in der Umgebung der Erdgas-ausströmung wuchsen, hatten eine erhöhte Stomatazahl. Es wurden auch Veränderungen im Verlauf der Reflektionskurven bei Trifolium pratense subsp. sativum beobachtet. Am Ort der stärksten Erdgaswirkung kam es im Vergleich mit der Kontrolle zu auffälligem Abfall der Reflektion im infraroten Bereich des Spektrums. Der Unterschied entstand und verstärkte sich allmählich im Verlauf der Vegetationsperiode mit steigendem Einfluss des Gases.Die Deckungsgrad- und Dichtereduktion und Veränderungen in der Artenzusammensetzung (Rückgang der empfindlichen Arten) können für cine allgemeine Folge der Erdgaswirkung auf Gesellschaftsebene gehalten werden. Die ersten Wirkungen wurden etwa 15–30 Tage nach Versuchsbeginn beobachtet, was etwa einer Menge von 80–150 m3 Gas pro Parzelle entspricht.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1989.tb00859.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of plant density and nutrient levels on fruit polymorphism in Atriplex sagittata (1999)
    Springer
    Oecologia 119 (1999), S. 63-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Key wordsAtriplex sagittata ; Bet-hedging ; Fruit polymorphism ; Germination ; Maternal effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Atriplex sagittata is a heterocarpic species producing three types of fruits which differ in morphology and ecological properties. This study focused on variation in biomass allocation into particular fruit types under different density and fertilization levels. The reduction in total weight under stressful conditions was accompanied by a reduction of reproductive structures in terms of both total fruit production and mean fruit weight. Allocation of biomass to particular fruit types under different density-fertilization treatments showed considerable variation. The non-dormant, bracteolate fruit type (termed C) contributed 80–90% to the total fecundity and its production was not affected by density-fertilization treatments. The production of this fruit type is higher in the upper part of the maternal plant stem. Production of the very dormant ebracteate fruit type (termed A) increased under favourable conditions and was greater on the lower part of the stem, whereas more of the so-called type B fruit (covered by bracteoles and exhibiting dispersal and dormancy characteristics intermediate between types A and C) was produced under suboptimal conditions and was concentrated in the middle part of the plant body. This pattern contradicts to some extent the theory that deeply dormant and less dispersible fruits will be produced under stressful conditions and may be considered a new model for the behaviour of plants with more than two heterocarpic fruits. The type B fruit, intermediate in both morphology and ecological behaviour, provides a continuum between extreme strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050761
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal changes in response ofSenecio ovatus to grazing by the chrysomelid beetleChrysomela speciosissima (1992)
    Springer
    Oecologia 91 (1992), S. 596-628 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1939
    Keywords: Herbivory ; Direct and indirect effects ; Compensatory growth ; Leaf area losses ; Fecundity reduction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The response ofSenecio ovatus to herbivory byChrysomela speciosissima (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) was studied in the Krušné hory Mountains, Czechoslovakia. The following questions were addressed: (1) what is the impact of natural levels of insect herbivory on the performance of individual plants, (2) how do the levels of herbivory change during the growing period, and (3) what is the relative importance of direct and indirect effects of herbivory? Ten experimental plots sprayed with metathion and ten controls were established. Damage to plants was quantified in the period of maximum herbivore activity (June) and again at the end of the growing season (August). In the first half of the season, total leaf area in grazed ramets was reduced by 30.3% compared to ungrazed ramets; half of this reduction was due to beetle consumption and half was due to indirect effects. Individual leaf area was not significantly different between treatments. Insecticide-treated ramets were taller and heavier than the controls. During the second half of the growing period the differences in ramet weight and leaf area disappeared because of compensatory growth. However, the insecticide-treated ramets remained taller and had higher seed numbers per capitulum. Neither number of capitula per ramet nor seed weight were significantly different between treatments. In the grazed population, the leaf area reduction (30.3%) in June resulted in 36.5% reduction in fecundity at the end of August.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00650336
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pattern of species dominance and factors affecting community composition in areas deforested due to air pollution (1994)
    Springer
    Plant ecology 112 (1994), S. 45-56 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5052
    Keywords: Vegetation of deforested sites ; Calamagrostis yillosa ; Species diversity ; Dominance ; Canonical Correspondence Analysis ; Indicator values ; Soil acidity ; Krušné hory Mountains ; Czech Republic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Vegetation of mountain areas affected by SO2 pollution (Krušné hory Mts., Czech Republic) was analysed using multivariate methods. Communities with prevailing species Calamagrostis villosa, a rhizomatous grass expanding into deforested sites, were sampled by Braun-Blanquet relevé method. Canonical correspondence analysis was used to assess the effect of environmental variables (soil removal, deforestation, and shading). To test the effects of light, moisture, soil acidity and nitrogen, mean sample indicator values were correlated a posteriori with sample axes on ordination scores. Light, soil acidity, moisture, and site history (in terms of past deforestation and soil removal applied in reclamation procedures) were found to be the main factors responsible for the community composition. Nitrogen level had not a significant effect on the community composition. When analyzing the whole data set, i.e. including also remnants of natural spruce forests, light was the factor affecting at most the composition of communities. Within the bare spot vegetation, if treated separately, the highest variation was found along the soil acidity/moisture gradient. The effect of soil removal was only obvious at early successional stages. Species diversity increased with moisture and decreased with soil acidity. Species exhibiting S- and/or R-strategy are successful on extremely acid soils whereas forbs present in bare spots appear to be supported by disturbances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00045099
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  • 8
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    A latitudinal gradient in Darwin’s naturalization conundrum at the global scale for flowering plants (2023)
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    In:  Nature Communications vol. 14 no. 6244
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: Darwin’s naturalization conundrum describes two seemingly contradictory hypotheses regarding whether alien species closely or distantly related to native species should be more likely to naturalize in regional floras. Both expectations have accumulated empirical support, and whether such apparent inconsistency can be reconciled at the global scale is unclear. Here, using 219,520 native and 9,531 naturalized alien plant species across 487 globally distributed regions, we found a latitudinal gradient in Darwin’s naturalization conundrum. Naturalized alien plant species are more closely related to native species at higher latitudes than they are at lower latitudes, indicating a greater influence of preadaptation in harsher climates. Human landscape modification resulted in even steeper latitudinal clines by selecting aliens distantly related to natives in warmer and drier regions. Our results demonstrate that joint consideration of climatic and anthropogenic conditions is critical to reconciling Darwin’s naturalization conundrum.
    Repository Name: National Museum of Natural History, Netherlands
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 9
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    Naturalization of European plants on other continents: The role of donor habitats (2017)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-04
    Description: The success of European plant species as aliens worldwide is thought to reflect their association with human-disturbed environments. However, an explicit test including all human-made, seminatural and natural habitat types of Europe, and their contributions as donor habitats of naturalized species to the rest of the globe, has been missing. Here we combine two databases, the European Vegetation Checklist and the Global Naturalized Alien Flora, to assess how human influence in European habitats affects the probability of naturalization of their plant species on other continents. A total of 9,875 native European vascular plant species were assigned to 39 European habitat types; of these, 2,550 species have become naturalized somewhere in the world. Species that occur in both human-made habitats and seminatural or natural habitats in Europe have the highest probability of naturalization (64.7% and 64.5% of them have naturalized). Species associated only with human-made or seminatural habitats still have a significantly higher probability of becoming naturalized (41.7% and 28.6%, respectively) than species confined to natural habitats (19.4%). Species associated with arable land and human settlements were recorded as naturalized in the largest number of regions worldwide. Our findings highlight that plant species’ association with native-range habitats disturbed by human activities, combined with broad habitat range, play an important role in shaping global patterns of plant invasions.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 10
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    New pasture plants intensify invasive species risk (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-03
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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